Auto merge of #3086 - str4d:cli-binary-improvements-1, r=str4d

CLI binary improvements

Cherry-picked from the following upstream PRs:

- bitcoin/bitcoin#5936
- bitcoin/bitcoin#7550
- bitcoin/bitcoin#7989
- bitcoin/bitcoin#7957
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9067
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9220

Excludes any changes that affected the QT code.

doc/release-notes.md

@@ -4,3 +4,18 @@ release-notes at release time)
 Notable changes
 ===============
 
+zcash-cli: arguments privacy
+----------------------------
+
+The RPC command line client gained a new argument, `-stdin`
+to read extra arguments from standard input, one per line until EOF/Ctrl-D.
+For example:
+
+    $ src/zcash-cli -stdin walletpassphrase
+    mysecretcode
+    120
+    ^D (Ctrl-D)
+
+It is recommended to use this for sensitive information such as private keys, as
+command-line arguments can usually be read from the process table by any user on
+the system.

qa/rpc-tests/rawtransactions.py

@@ -145,5 +145,11 @@ class RawTransactionsTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
         self.sync_all()
         assert_equal(self.nodes[0].getbalance(), bal+Decimal('10.00000000')+Decimal('2.19900000')) #block reward + tx
 
+        inputs  = [ {'txid' : "1d1d4e24ed99057e84c3f80fd8fbec79ed9e1acee37da269356ecea000000000", 'vout' : 1, 'sequence' : 1000}]
+        outputs = { self.nodes[0].getnewaddress() : 1 }
+        rawtx   = self.nodes[0].createrawtransaction(inputs, outputs)
+        decrawtx= self.nodes[0].decoderawtransaction(rawtx)
+        assert_equal(decrawtx['vin'][0]['sequence'], 1000)
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     RawTransactionsTest().main()

src/bitcoin-cli.cpp

@@ -19,13 +19,12 @@
 
 #include <univalue.h>
 
-using namespace std;
-
 static const int DEFAULT_HTTP_CLIENT_TIMEOUT=900;
+static const int CONTINUE_EXECUTION=-1;
 
 std::string HelpMessageCli()
 {
-    string strUsage;
+    std::string strUsage;
     strUsage += HelpMessageGroup(_("Options:"));
     strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("-?", _("This help message"));
     strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("-conf=<file>", strprintf(_("Specify configuration file (default: %s)"), "zcash.conf"));
@@ -39,6 +38,7 @@ std::string HelpMessageCli()
     strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("-rpcuser=<user>", _("Username for JSON-RPC connections"));
     strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("-rpcpassword=<pw>", _("Password for JSON-RPC connections"));
     strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("-rpcclienttimeout=<n>", strprintf(_("Timeout in seconds during HTTP requests, or 0 for no timeout. (default: %d)"), DEFAULT_HTTP_CLIENT_TIMEOUT));
+    strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("-stdin", _("Read extra arguments from standard input, one per line until EOF/Ctrl-D (recommended for sensitive information such as passphrases)"));
 
     return strUsage;
 }
@@ -62,8 +62,16 @@ public:
 
 };
 
-static bool AppInitRPC(int argc, char* argv[])
+//
+// This function returns either one of EXIT_ codes when it's expected to stop the process or
+// CONTINUE_EXECUTION when it's expected to continue further.
+//
+static int AppInitRPC(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
+    static_assert(CONTINUE_EXECUTION != EXIT_FAILURE,
+                  "CONTINUE_EXECUTION should be different from EXIT_FAILURE");
+    static_assert(CONTINUE_EXECUTION != EXIT_SUCCESS,
+                  "CONTINUE_EXECUTION should be different from EXIT_SUCCESS");
     //
     // Parameters
     //
@@ -82,29 +90,33 @@ static bool AppInitRPC(int argc, char* argv[])
         }
 
         fprintf(stdout, "%s", strUsage.c_str());
-        return false;
+        if (argc < 2) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: too few parameters\n");
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
     if (!boost::filesystem::is_directory(GetDataDir(false))) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Error: Specified data directory \"%s\" does not exist.\n", mapArgs["-datadir"].c_str());
-        return false;
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     try {
         ReadConfigFile(mapArgs, mapMultiArgs);
     } catch (const std::exception& e) {
         fprintf(stderr,"Error reading configuration file: %s\n", e.what());
-        return false;
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     // Check for -testnet or -regtest parameter (BaseParams() calls are only valid after this clause)
     if (!SelectBaseParamsFromCommandLine()) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Error: Invalid combination of -regtest and -testnet.\n");
-        return false;
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     if (GetBoolArg("-rpcssl", false))
     {
         fprintf(stderr, "Error: SSL mode for RPC (-rpcssl) is no longer supported.\n");
-        return false;
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
-    return true;
+    return CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
 }
 
 
@@ -173,7 +185,7 @@ static void http_error_cb(enum evhttp_request_error err, void *ctx)
 }
 #endif
 
-UniValue CallRPC(const string& strMethod, const UniValue& params)
+UniValue CallRPC(const std::string& strMethod, const UniValue& params)
 {
     std::string host = GetArg("-rpcconnect", "127.0.0.1");
     int port = GetArg("-rpcport", BaseParams().RPCPort());
@@ -188,7 +200,7 @@ UniValue CallRPC(const string& strMethod, const UniValue& params)
     HTTPReply response;
     raii_evhttp_request req = obtain_evhttp_request(http_request_done, (void*)&response);
     if (req == NULL)
-        throw runtime_error("create http request failed");
+        throw std::runtime_error("create http request failed");
 #if LIBEVENT_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x02010300
     evhttp_request_set_error_cb(req.get(), http_error_cb);
 #endif
@@ -198,7 +210,7 @@ UniValue CallRPC(const string& strMethod, const UniValue& params)
     if (mapArgs["-rpcpassword"] == "") {
         // Try fall back to cookie-based authentication if no password is provided
         if (!GetAuthCookie(&strRPCUserColonPass)) {
-            throw runtime_error(strprintf(
+            throw std::runtime_error(strprintf(
                 _("Could not locate RPC credentials. No authentication cookie could be found,\n"
                   "and no rpcpassword is set in the configuration file (%s)."),
                     GetConfigFile().string().c_str()));
@@ -231,26 +243,26 @@ UniValue CallRPC(const string& strMethod, const UniValue& params)
     if (response.status == 0)
         throw CConnectionFailed(strprintf("couldn't connect to server: %s (code %d)\n(make sure server is running and you are connecting to the correct RPC port)", http_errorstring(response.error), response.error));
     else if (response.status == HTTP_UNAUTHORIZED)
-        throw runtime_error("incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)");
+        throw std::runtime_error("incorrect rpcuser or rpcpassword (authorization failed)");
     else if (response.status >= 400 && response.status != HTTP_BAD_REQUEST && response.status != HTTP_NOT_FOUND && response.status != HTTP_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
-        throw runtime_error(strprintf("server returned HTTP error %d", response.status));
+        throw std::runtime_error(strprintf("server returned HTTP error %d", response.status));
     else if (response.body.empty())
-        throw runtime_error("no response from server");
+        throw std::runtime_error("no response from server");
 
     // Parse reply
     UniValue valReply(UniValue::VSTR);
     if (!valReply.read(response.body))
-        throw runtime_error("couldn't parse reply from server");
+        throw std::runtime_error("couldn't parse reply from server");
     const UniValue& reply = valReply.get_obj();
     if (reply.empty())
-        throw runtime_error("expected reply to have result, error and id properties");
+        throw std::runtime_error("expected reply to have result, error and id properties");
 
     return reply;
 }
 
 int CommandLineRPC(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-    string strPrint;
+    std::string strPrint;
     int nRet = 0;
     try {
         // Skip switches
@@ -258,15 +270,17 @@ int CommandLineRPC(int argc, char *argv[])
             argc--;
             argv++;
         }
-
+        std::vector<std::string> args = std::vector<std::string>(&argv[1], &argv[argc]);
-        // Method
+        if (GetBoolArg("-stdin", false)) {
-        if (argc < 2)
+            // Read one arg per line from stdin and append
-            throw runtime_error("too few parameters");
+            std::string line;
-        string strMethod = argv[1];
+            while (std::getline(std::cin,line))
-
+                args.push_back(line);
-        // Parameters default to strings
+        }
-        std::vector<std::string> strParams(&argv[2], &argv[argc]);
+        if (args.size() < 1)
-        UniValue params = RPCConvertValues(strMethod, strParams);
+            throw std::runtime_error("too few parameters (need at least command)");
+        std::string strMethod = args[0];
+        UniValue params = RPCConvertValues(strMethod, std::vector<std::string>(args.begin()+1, args.end()));
 
         // Execute and handle connection failures with -rpcwait
         const bool fWait = GetBoolArg("-rpcwait", false);
@@ -318,7 +332,7 @@ int CommandLineRPC(int argc, char *argv[])
         throw;
     }
     catch (const std::exception& e) {
-        strPrint = string("error: ") + e.what();
+        strPrint = std::string("error: ") + e.what();
         nRet = EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     catch (...) {
@@ -337,12 +351,13 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     SetupEnvironment();
     if (!SetupNetworking()) {
         fprintf(stderr, "Error: Initializing networking failed\n");
-        exit(1);
+        return EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
 
     try {
-        if(!AppInitRPC(argc, argv))
+        int ret = AppInitRPC(argc, argv);
-            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        if (ret != CONTINUE_EXECUTION)
+            return ret;
     }
     catch (const std::exception& e) {
         PrintExceptionContinue(&e, "AppInitRPC()");

src/bitcoin-tx.cpp

@@ -22,12 +22,15 @@
 #include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
 #include <boost/assign/list_of.hpp>
 
-using namespace std;
-
 static bool fCreateBlank;
-static map<string,UniValue> registers;
+static std::map<std::string,UniValue> registers;
+static const int CONTINUE_EXECUTION=-1;
 
-static bool AppInitRawTx(int argc, char* argv[])
+//
+// This function returns either one of EXIT_ codes when it's expected to stop the process or
+// CONTINUE_EXECUTION when it's expected to continue further.
+//
+static int AppInitRawTx(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
     //
     // Parameters
@@ -66,7 +69,7 @@ static bool AppInitRawTx(int argc, char* argv[])
         strUsage = HelpMessageGroup(_("Commands:"));
         strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("delin=N", _("Delete input N from TX"));
         strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("delout=N", _("Delete output N from TX"));
-        strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("in=TXID:VOUT", _("Add input to TX"));
+        strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("in=TXID:VOUT(:SEQUENCE_NUMBER)", _("Add input to TX"));
         strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("locktime=N", _("Set TX lock time to N"));
         strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("nversion=N", _("Set TX version to N"));
         strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("outaddr=VALUE:ADDRESS", _("Add address-based output to TX"));
@@ -83,57 +86,61 @@ static bool AppInitRawTx(int argc, char* argv[])
         strUsage += HelpMessageOpt("set=NAME:JSON-STRING", _("Set register NAME to given JSON-STRING"));
         fprintf(stdout, "%s", strUsage.c_str());
 
-        return false;
+        if (argc < 2) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error: too few parameters\n");
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        }
+        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
     }
-    return true;
+    return CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
 }
 
-static void RegisterSetJson(const string& key, const string& rawJson)
+static void RegisterSetJson(const std::string& key, const std::string& rawJson)
 {
     UniValue val;
     if (!val.read(rawJson)) {
-        string strErr = "Cannot parse JSON for key " + key;
+        std::string strErr = "Cannot parse JSON for key " + key;
-        throw runtime_error(strErr);
+        throw std::runtime_error(strErr);
     }
 
     registers[key] = val;
 }
 
-static void RegisterSet(const string& strInput)
+static void RegisterSet(const std::string& strInput)
 {
     // separate NAME:VALUE in string
     size_t pos = strInput.find(':');
-    if ((pos == string::npos) ||
+    if ((pos == std::string::npos) ||
         (pos == 0) ||
         (pos == (strInput.size() - 1)))
-        throw runtime_error("Register input requires NAME:VALUE");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Register input requires NAME:VALUE");
 
-    string key = strInput.substr(0, pos);
+    std::string key = strInput.substr(0, pos);
-    string valStr = strInput.substr(pos + 1, string::npos);
+    std::string valStr = strInput.substr(pos + 1, std::string::npos);
 
     RegisterSetJson(key, valStr);
 }
 
-static void RegisterLoad(const string& strInput)
+static void RegisterLoad(const std::string& strInput)
 {
     // separate NAME:FILENAME in string
     size_t pos = strInput.find(':');
-    if ((pos == string::npos) ||
+    if ((pos == std::string::npos) ||
         (pos == 0) ||
         (pos == (strInput.size() - 1)))
-        throw runtime_error("Register load requires NAME:FILENAME");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Register load requires NAME:FILENAME");
 
-    string key = strInput.substr(0, pos);
+    std::string key = strInput.substr(0, pos);
-    string filename = strInput.substr(pos + 1, string::npos);
+    std::string filename = strInput.substr(pos + 1, std::string::npos);
 
     FILE *f = fopen(filename.c_str(), "r");
     if (!f) {
-        string strErr = "Cannot open file " + filename;
+        std::string strErr = "Cannot open file " + filename;
-        throw runtime_error(strErr);
+        throw std::runtime_error(strErr);
     }
 
     // load file chunks into one big buffer
-    string valStr;
+    std::string valStr;
     while ((!feof(f)) && (!ferror(f))) {
         char buf[4096];
         int bread = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), f);
@@ -147,90 +154,95 @@ static void RegisterLoad(const string& strInput)
     fclose(f);
 
     if (error) {
-        string strErr = "Error reading file " + filename;
+        std::string strErr = "Error reading file " + filename;
-        throw runtime_error(strErr);
+        throw std::runtime_error(strErr);
     }
 
     // evaluate as JSON buffer register
     RegisterSetJson(key, valStr);
 }
 
-static void MutateTxVersion(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& cmdVal)
+static void MutateTxVersion(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& cmdVal)
 {
     int64_t newVersion = atoi64(cmdVal);
     if (newVersion < CTransaction::SPROUT_MIN_CURRENT_VERSION || newVersion > CTransaction::SPROUT_MAX_CURRENT_VERSION)
-        throw runtime_error("Invalid TX version requested");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Invalid TX version requested");
 
     tx.nVersion = (int) newVersion;
 }
 
-static void MutateTxExpiry(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& cmdVal)
+static void MutateTxExpiry(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& cmdVal)
 {
     int64_t newExpiry = atoi64(cmdVal);
     if (newExpiry >= TX_EXPIRY_HEIGHT_THRESHOLD) {
-        throw runtime_error("Invalid TX expiry requested");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Invalid TX expiry requested");
     }
     tx.nExpiryHeight = (int) newExpiry;
 }
 
-static void MutateTxLocktime(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& cmdVal)
+static void MutateTxLocktime(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& cmdVal)
 {
     int64_t newLocktime = atoi64(cmdVal);
     if (newLocktime < 0LL || newLocktime > 0xffffffffLL)
-        throw runtime_error("Invalid TX locktime requested");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Invalid TX locktime requested");
 
     tx.nLockTime = (unsigned int) newLocktime;
 }
 
-static void MutateTxAddInput(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
+static void MutateTxAddInput(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& strInput)
 {
+    std::vector<std::string> vStrInputParts;
+    boost::split(vStrInputParts, strInput, boost::is_any_of(":"));
+
     // separate TXID:VOUT in string
-    size_t pos = strInput.find(':');
+    if (vStrInputParts.size()<2)
-    if ((pos == string::npos) ||
+        throw std::runtime_error("TX input missing separator");
-        (pos == 0) ||
-        (pos == (strInput.size() - 1)))
-        throw runtime_error("TX input missing separator");
 
     // extract and validate TXID
-    string strTxid = strInput.substr(0, pos);
+    std::string strTxid = vStrInputParts[0];
     if ((strTxid.size() != 64) || !IsHex(strTxid))
-        throw runtime_error("invalid TX input txid");
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid TX input txid");
     uint256 txid(uint256S(strTxid));
 
     static const unsigned int minTxOutSz = 9;
     static const unsigned int maxVout = MAX_BLOCK_SIZE / minTxOutSz;
 
     // extract and validate vout
-    string strVout = strInput.substr(pos + 1, string::npos);
+    std::string strVout = vStrInputParts[1];
     int vout = atoi(strVout);
     if ((vout < 0) || (vout > (int)maxVout))
-        throw runtime_error("invalid TX input vout");
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid TX input vout");
+
+    // extract the optional sequence number
+    uint32_t nSequenceIn=std::numeric_limits<unsigned int>::max();
+    if (vStrInputParts.size() > 2)
+        nSequenceIn = atoi(vStrInputParts[2]);
 
     // append to transaction input list
-    CTxIn txin(txid, vout);
+    CTxIn txin(txid, vout, CScript(), nSequenceIn);
     tx.vin.push_back(txin);
 }
 
-static void MutateTxAddOutAddr(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
+static void MutateTxAddOutAddr(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& strInput)
 {
     // separate VALUE:ADDRESS in string
     size_t pos = strInput.find(':');
-    if ((pos == string::npos) ||
+    if ((pos == std::string::npos) ||
         (pos == 0) ||
         (pos == (strInput.size() - 1)))
-        throw runtime_error("TX output missing separator");
+        throw std::runtime_error("TX output missing separator");
 
     // extract and validate VALUE
-    string strValue = strInput.substr(0, pos);
+    std::string strValue = strInput.substr(0, pos);
     CAmount value;
     if (!ParseMoney(strValue, value))
-        throw runtime_error("invalid TX output value");
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid TX output value");
 
     // extract and validate ADDRESS
-    string strAddr = strInput.substr(pos + 1, string::npos);
+    std::string strAddr = strInput.substr(pos + 1, std::string::npos);
     CBitcoinAddress addr(strAddr);
     if (!addr.IsValid())
-        throw runtime_error("invalid TX output address");
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid TX output address");
 
     // build standard output script via GetScriptForDestination()
     CScript scriptPubKey = GetScriptForDestination(addr.Get());
@@ -240,22 +252,22 @@ static void MutateTxAddOutAddr(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
     tx.vout.push_back(txout);
 }
 
-static void MutateTxAddOutScript(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
+static void MutateTxAddOutScript(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& strInput)
 {
     // separate VALUE:SCRIPT in string
     size_t pos = strInput.find(':');
-    if ((pos == string::npos) ||
+    if ((pos == std::string::npos) ||
         (pos == 0))
-        throw runtime_error("TX output missing separator");
+        throw std::runtime_error("TX output missing separator");
 
     // extract and validate VALUE
-    string strValue = strInput.substr(0, pos);
+    std::string strValue = strInput.substr(0, pos);
     CAmount value;
     if (!ParseMoney(strValue, value))
-        throw runtime_error("invalid TX output value");
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid TX output value");
 
     // extract and validate script
-    string strScript = strInput.substr(pos + 1, string::npos);
+    std::string strScript = strInput.substr(pos + 1, std::string::npos);
     CScript scriptPubKey = ParseScript(strScript); // throws on err
 
     // construct TxOut, append to transaction output list
@@ -263,26 +275,26 @@ static void MutateTxAddOutScript(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput
     tx.vout.push_back(txout);
 }
 
-static void MutateTxDelInput(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInIdx)
+static void MutateTxDelInput(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& strInIdx)
 {
     // parse requested deletion index
     int inIdx = atoi(strInIdx);
     if (inIdx < 0 || inIdx >= (int)tx.vin.size()) {
-        string strErr = "Invalid TX input index '" + strInIdx + "'";
+        std::string strErr = "Invalid TX input index '" + strInIdx + "'";
-        throw runtime_error(strErr.c_str());
+        throw std::runtime_error(strErr.c_str());
     }
 
     // delete input from transaction
     tx.vin.erase(tx.vin.begin() + inIdx);
 }
 
-static void MutateTxDelOutput(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strOutIdx)
+static void MutateTxDelOutput(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& strOutIdx)
 {
     // parse requested deletion index
     int outIdx = atoi(strOutIdx);
     if (outIdx < 0 || outIdx >= (int)tx.vout.size()) {
-        string strErr = "Invalid TX output index '" + strOutIdx + "'";
+        std::string strErr = "Invalid TX output index '" + strOutIdx + "'";
-        throw runtime_error(strErr.c_str());
+        throw std::runtime_error(strErr.c_str());
     }
 
     // delete output from transaction
@@ -302,7 +314,7 @@ static const struct {
     {"SINGLE|ANYONECANPAY", SIGHASH_SINGLE|SIGHASH_ANYONECANPAY},
 };
 
-static bool findSighashFlags(int& flags, const string& flagStr)
+static bool findSighashFlags(int& flags, const std::string& flagStr)
 {
     flags = 0;
 
@@ -316,17 +328,17 @@ static bool findSighashFlags(int& flags, const string& flagStr)
     return false;
 }
 
-uint256 ParseHashUO(map<string,UniValue>& o, string strKey)
+uint256 ParseHashUO(std::map<std::string,UniValue>& o, std::string strKey)
 {
     if (!o.count(strKey))
         return uint256();
     return ParseHashUV(o[strKey], strKey);
 }
 
-vector<unsigned char> ParseHexUO(map<string,UniValue>& o, string strKey)
+std::vector<unsigned char> ParseHexUO(std::map<std::string,UniValue>& o, std::string strKey)
 {
     if (!o.count(strKey)) {
-        vector<unsigned char> emptyVec;
+        std::vector<unsigned char> emptyVec;
         return emptyVec;
     }
     return ParseHexUV(o[strKey], strKey);
@@ -335,41 +347,41 @@ vector<unsigned char> ParseHexUO(map<string,UniValue>& o, string strKey)
 static CAmount AmountFromValue(const UniValue& value)
 {
     if (!value.isNum() && !value.isStr())
-        throw runtime_error("Amount is not a number or string");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Amount is not a number or string");
     CAmount amount;
     if (!ParseFixedPoint(value.getValStr(), 8, &amount))
-        throw runtime_error("Invalid amount");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Invalid amount");
     if (!MoneyRange(amount))
-        throw runtime_error("Amount out of range");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Amount out of range");
     return amount;
 }
 
-static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
+static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& strInput)
 {
     // separate HEIGHT:SIGHASH-FLAGS in string
     size_t pos = strInput.find(':');
     if ((pos == 0) ||
         (pos == (strInput.size() - 1)))
-        throw runtime_error("Invalid sighash flag separator");
+        throw std::runtime_error("Invalid sighash flag separator");
 
     // extract and validate HEIGHT
-    string strHeight = strInput.substr(0, pos);
+    std::string strHeight = strInput.substr(0, pos);
     int nHeight = atoi(strHeight);
     if (nHeight <= 0) {
-        throw runtime_error("invalid height");
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid height");
     }
 
     // extract and validate SIGHASH-FLAGS
     int nHashType = SIGHASH_ALL;
-    string flagStr;
+    std::string flagStr;
-    if (pos != string::npos) {
+    if (pos != std::string::npos) {
-        flagStr = strInput.substr(pos + 1, string::npos);
+        flagStr = strInput.substr(pos + 1, std::string::npos);
     }
     if (flagStr.size() > 0)
         if (!findSighashFlags(nHashType, flagStr))
-            throw runtime_error("unknown sighash flag/sign option");
+            throw std::runtime_error("unknown sighash flag/sign option");
 
-    vector<CTransaction> txVariants;
+    std::vector<CTransaction> txVariants;
     txVariants.push_back(tx);
 
     // mergedTx will end up with all the signatures; it
@@ -380,7 +392,7 @@ static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
     CCoinsViewCache view(&viewDummy);
 
     if (!registers.count("privatekeys"))
-        throw runtime_error("privatekeys register variable must be set.");
+        throw std::runtime_error("privatekeys register variable must be set.");
     bool fGivenKeys = false;
     CBasicKeyStore tempKeystore;
     UniValue keysObj = registers["privatekeys"];
@@ -388,11 +400,11 @@ static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
 
     for (size_t kidx = 0; kidx < keysObj.size(); kidx++) {
         if (!keysObj[kidx].isStr())
-            throw runtime_error("privatekey not a string");
+            throw std::runtime_error("privatekey not a std::string");
         CBitcoinSecret vchSecret;
         bool fGood = vchSecret.SetString(keysObj[kidx].getValStr());
         if (!fGood)
-            throw runtime_error("privatekey not valid");
+            throw std::runtime_error("privatekey not valid");
 
         CKey key = vchSecret.GetKey();
         tempKeystore.AddKey(key);
@@ -400,34 +412,34 @@ static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
 
     // Add previous txouts given in the RPC call:
     if (!registers.count("prevtxs"))
-        throw runtime_error("prevtxs register variable must be set.");
+        throw std::runtime_error("prevtxs register variable must be set.");
     UniValue prevtxsObj = registers["prevtxs"];
     {
         for (size_t previdx = 0; previdx < prevtxsObj.size(); previdx++) {
             UniValue prevOut = prevtxsObj[previdx];
             if (!prevOut.isObject())
-                throw runtime_error("expected prevtxs internal object");
+                throw std::runtime_error("expected prevtxs internal object");
 
-            map<string,UniValue::VType> types = boost::assign::map_list_of("txid", UniValue::VSTR)("vout",UniValue::VNUM)("scriptPubKey",UniValue::VSTR);
+            std::map<std::string,UniValue::VType> types = boost::assign::map_list_of("txid", UniValue::VSTR)("vout",UniValue::VNUM)("scriptPubKey",UniValue::VSTR);
             if (!prevOut.checkObject(types))
-                throw runtime_error("prevtxs internal object typecheck fail");
+                throw std::runtime_error("prevtxs internal object typecheck fail");
 
             uint256 txid = ParseHashUV(prevOut["txid"], "txid");
 
             int nOut = atoi(prevOut["vout"].getValStr());
             if (nOut < 0)
-                throw runtime_error("vout must be positive");
+                throw std::runtime_error("vout must be positive");
 
-            vector<unsigned char> pkData(ParseHexUV(prevOut["scriptPubKey"], "scriptPubKey"));
+            std::vector<unsigned char> pkData(ParseHexUV(prevOut["scriptPubKey"], "scriptPubKey"));
             CScript scriptPubKey(pkData.begin(), pkData.end());
 
             {
                 CCoinsModifier coins = view.ModifyCoins(txid);
                 if (coins->IsAvailable(nOut) && coins->vout[nOut].scriptPubKey != scriptPubKey) {
-                    string err("Previous output scriptPubKey mismatch:\n");
+                    std::string err("Previous output scriptPubKey mismatch:\n");
                     err = err + coins->vout[nOut].scriptPubKey.ToString() + "\nvs:\n"+
                         scriptPubKey.ToString();
-                    throw runtime_error(err);
+                    throw std::runtime_error(err);
                 }
                 if ((unsigned int)nOut >= coins->vout.size())
                     coins->vout.resize(nOut+1);
@@ -443,7 +455,7 @@ static void MutateTxSign(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& strInput)
             if (fGivenKeys && scriptPubKey.IsPayToScriptHash() &&
                 prevOut.exists("redeemScript")) {
                 UniValue v = prevOut["redeemScript"];
-                vector<unsigned char> rsData(ParseHexUV(v, "redeemScript"));
+                std::vector<unsigned char> rsData(ParseHexUV(v, "redeemScript"));
                 CScript redeemScript(rsData.begin(), rsData.end());
                 tempKeystore.AddCScript(redeemScript);
             }
@@ -503,8 +515,8 @@ public:
     }
 };
 
-static void MutateTx(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& command,
+static void MutateTx(CMutableTransaction& tx, const std::string& command,
-                     const string& commandVal)
+                     const std::string& commandVal)
 {
     boost::scoped_ptr<Secp256k1Init> ecc;
 
@@ -539,7 +551,7 @@ static void MutateTx(CMutableTransaction& tx, const string& command,
         RegisterSet(commandVal);
 
     else
-        throw runtime_error("unknown command");
+        throw std::runtime_error("unknown command");
 }
 
 static void OutputTxJSON(const CTransaction& tx)
@@ -547,20 +559,20 @@ static void OutputTxJSON(const CTransaction& tx)
     UniValue entry(UniValue::VOBJ);
     TxToUniv(tx, uint256(), entry);
 
-    string jsonOutput = entry.write(4);
+    std::string jsonOutput = entry.write(4);
     fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", jsonOutput.c_str());
 }
 
 static void OutputTxHash(const CTransaction& tx)
 {
-    string strHexHash = tx.GetHash().GetHex(); // the hex-encoded transaction hash (aka the transaction id)
+    std::string strHexHash = tx.GetHash().GetHex(); // the hex-encoded transaction hash (aka the transaction id)
 
     fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", strHexHash.c_str());
 }
 
 static void OutputTxHex(const CTransaction& tx)
 {
-    string strHex = EncodeHexTx(tx);
+    std::string strHex = EncodeHexTx(tx);
 
     fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", strHex.c_str());
 }
@@ -575,10 +587,10 @@ static void OutputTx(const CTransaction& tx)
         OutputTxHex(tx);
 }
 
-static string readStdin()
+static std::string readStdin()
 {
     char buf[4096];
-    string ret;
+    std::string ret;
 
     while (!feof(stdin)) {
         size_t bread = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf), stdin);
@@ -588,7 +600,7 @@ static string readStdin()
     }
 
     if (ferror(stdin))
-        throw runtime_error("error reading stdin");
+        throw std::runtime_error("error reading stdin");
 
     boost::algorithm::trim_right(ret);
 
@@ -597,7 +609,7 @@ static string readStdin()
 
 static int CommandLineRawTx(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
-    string strPrint;
+    std::string strPrint;
     int nRet = 0;
     try {
         // Skip switches; Permit common stdin convention "-"
@@ -613,15 +625,15 @@ static int CommandLineRawTx(int argc, char* argv[])
         if (!fCreateBlank) {
             // require at least one param
             if (argc < 2)
-                throw runtime_error("too few parameters");
+                throw std::runtime_error("too few parameters");
 
             // param: hex-encoded bitcoin transaction
-            string strHexTx(argv[1]);
+            std::string strHexTx(argv[1]);
             if (strHexTx == "-")                 // "-" implies standard input
                 strHexTx = readStdin();
 
             if (!DecodeHexTx(txDecodeTmp, strHexTx))
-                throw runtime_error("invalid transaction encoding");
+                throw std::runtime_error("invalid transaction encoding");
 
             startArg = 2;
         } else
@@ -630,10 +642,10 @@ static int CommandLineRawTx(int argc, char* argv[])
         CMutableTransaction tx(txDecodeTmp);
 
         for (int i = startArg; i < argc; i++) {
-            string arg = argv[i];
+            std::string arg = argv[i];
-            string key, value;
+            std::string key, value;
             size_t eqpos = arg.find('=');
-            if (eqpos == string::npos)
+            if (eqpos == std::string::npos)
                 key = arg;
             else {
                 key = arg.substr(0, eqpos);
@@ -650,7 +662,7 @@ static int CommandLineRawTx(int argc, char* argv[])
         throw;
     }
     catch (const std::exception& e) {
-        strPrint = string("error: ") + e.what();
+        strPrint = std::string("error: ") + e.what();
         nRet = EXIT_FAILURE;
     }
     catch (...) {
@@ -669,8 +681,9 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     SetupEnvironment();
 
     try {
-        if(!AppInitRawTx(argc, argv))
+        int ret = AppInitRawTx(argc, argv);
-            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+        if (ret != CONTINUE_EXECUTION)
+            return ret;
     }
     catch (const std::exception& e) {
         PrintExceptionContinue(&e, "AppInitRawTx()");

src/bitcoind.cpp

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ bool AppInit(int argc, char* argv[])
         }
 
         fprintf(stdout, "%s", strUsage.c_str());
-        return false;
+        return true;
     }
 
     try
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ bool AppInit(int argc, char* argv[])
         if (fCommandLine)
         {
             fprintf(stderr, "Error: There is no RPC client functionality in zcashd. Use the zcash-cli utility instead.\n");
-            exit(1);
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
         }
 #ifndef WIN32
         fDaemon = GetBoolArg("-daemon", false);
@@ -195,5 +195,5 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[])
     // Connect bitcoind signal handlers
     noui_connect();
 
-    return (AppInit(argc, argv) ? 0 : 1);
+    return (AppInit(argc, argv) ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
 }

src/rpcclient.cpp

@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ static const CRPCConvertParam vRPCConvertParams[] =
     { "getrawtransaction", 1 },
     { "createrawtransaction", 0 },
     { "createrawtransaction", 1 },
+    { "createrawtransaction", 2 },
     { "signrawtransaction", 1 },
     { "signrawtransaction", 2 },
     { "sendrawtransaction", 1 },

src/rpcrawtransaction.cpp

@@ -407,9 +407,9 @@ UniValue verifytxoutproof(const UniValue& params, bool fHelp)
 
 UniValue createrawtransaction(const UniValue& params, bool fHelp)
 {
-    if (fHelp || params.size() != 2)
+    if (fHelp || params.size() < 2 || params.size() > 3)
         throw runtime_error(
-            "createrawtransaction [{\"txid\":\"id\",\"vout\":n},...] {\"address\":amount,...}\n"
+            "createrawtransaction [{\"txid\":\"id\",\"vout\":n},...] {\"address\":amount,...} ( locktime )\n"
             "\nCreate a transaction spending the given inputs and sending to the given addresses.\n"
             "Returns hex-encoded raw transaction.\n"
             "Note that the transaction's inputs are not signed, and\n"
@@ -421,6 +421,7 @@ UniValue createrawtransaction(const UniValue& params, bool fHelp)
             "       {\n"
             "         \"txid\":\"id\",  (string, required) The transaction id\n"
             "         \"vout\":n        (numeric, required) The output number\n"
+            "         \"sequence\":n    (numeric, optional) The sequence number\n"
             "       }\n"
             "       ,...\n"
             "     ]\n"
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ UniValue createrawtransaction(const UniValue& params, bool fHelp)
             "      \"address\": x.xxx   (numeric, required) The key is the Zcash address, the value is the " + CURRENCY_UNIT + " amount\n"
             "      ,...\n"
             "    }\n"
-
+            "3. locktime                (numeric, optional, default=0) Raw locktime. Non-0 value also locktime-activates inputs\n"
             "\nResult:\n"
             "\"transaction\"            (string) hex string of the transaction\n"
 
@@ -439,7 +440,9 @@ UniValue createrawtransaction(const UniValue& params, bool fHelp)
         );
 
     LOCK(cs_main);
-    RPCTypeCheck(params, boost::assign::list_of(UniValue::VARR)(UniValue::VOBJ));
+    RPCTypeCheck(params, boost::assign::list_of(UniValue::VARR)(UniValue::VOBJ)(UniValue::VNUM), true);
+    if (params[0].isNull() || params[1].isNull())
+        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Invalid parameter, arguments 1 and 2 must be non-null");
 
     UniValue inputs = params[0].get_array();
     UniValue sendTo = params[1].get_obj();
@@ -455,6 +458,13 @@ UniValue createrawtransaction(const UniValue& params, bool fHelp)
         }
     }
 
+    if (params.size() > 2 && !params[2].isNull()) {
+        int64_t nLockTime = params[2].get_int64();
+        if (nLockTime < 0 || nLockTime > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max())
+            throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Invalid parameter, locktime out of range");
+        rawTx.nLockTime = nLockTime;
+    }
+
     for (size_t idx = 0; idx < inputs.size(); idx++) {
         const UniValue& input = inputs[idx];
         const UniValue& o = input.get_obj();
@@ -468,7 +478,15 @@ UniValue createrawtransaction(const UniValue& params, bool fHelp)
         if (nOutput < 0)
             throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Invalid parameter, vout must be positive");
 
-        CTxIn in(COutPoint(txid, nOutput));
+        uint32_t nSequence = (rawTx.nLockTime ? std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max() - 1 : std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max());
+
+        // set the sequence number if passed in the parameters object
+        const UniValue& sequenceObj = find_value(o, "sequence");
+        if (sequenceObj.isNum())
+            nSequence = sequenceObj.get_int();
+
+        CTxIn in(COutPoint(txid, nOutput), CScript(), nSequence);
+
         rawTx.vin.push_back(in);
     }
 

src/test/data/bitcoin-util-test.json

@@ -56,5 +56,18 @@
      "sign=1:ALL",
      "outaddr=0.001:t1Ruz6gK4QPZoPPGpHaieupnnh62mktjQE7"],
     "output_cmp": "txcreatesign.hex"
+  },
+  { "exec": "./zcash-tx",
+    "args":
+    ["-create",
+     "in=5897de6bd6027a475eadd57019d4e6872c396d0716c4875a5f1a6fcfdf385c1f:0:4294967293",
+     "outaddr=0.18:t1LmWJddYzkTmTQjZrX7ZkFjmuEu5XKpGKb"],
+    "output_cmp": "txcreatedata_seq0.hex"
+  },
+  { "exec": "./zcash-tx",
+    "args":
+    ["01000000011f5c38dfcf6f1a5f5a87c416076d392c87e6d41970d5ad5e477a02d66bde97580000000000fdffffff0180a81201000000001976a9141fc11f39be1729bf973a7ab6a615ca4729d6457488ac00000000",
+     "in=5897de6bd6027a475eadd57019d4e6872c396d0716c4875a5f1a6fcfdf385c1f:0:1"],
+    "output_cmp": "txcreatedata_seq1.hex"
   }
 ]

src/test/data/txcreatedata_seq0.hex

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+01000000011f5c38dfcf6f1a5f5a87c416076d392c87e6d41970d5ad5e477a02d66bde97580000000000fdffffff0180a81201000000001976a9141fc11f39be1729bf973a7ab6a615ca4729d6457488ac00000000

src/test/data/txcreatedata_seq1.hex

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+01000000021f5c38dfcf6f1a5f5a87c416076d392c87e6d41970d5ad5e477a02d66bde97580000000000fdffffff1f5c38dfcf6f1a5f5a87c416076d392c87e6d41970d5ad5e477a02d66bde97580000000000010000000180a81201000000001976a9141fc11f39be1729bf973a7ab6a615ca4729d6457488ac00000000