Downgrade arrayvec to original version used in Cargo.lock

Improve Travis CI

.travis.yml

@@ -1,13 +1,18 @@
 language: rust
+
 rust:
-  - 1.36.0
+  - 1.32.0
+  
+env:
+  global:
+    # See https://stackoverflow.com/a/43339593
+    - RUST_BACKTRACE=1
+    
+before_cache:
+  - rm -rf "$TRAVIS_HOME/.cargo/registry/src"
   
 cache: cargo
 
-before_script:
-  - rustup component add rustfmt
-
 script:
   - cargo build --verbose --release --all
-  - cargo fmt --all -- --check
   - cargo test --verbose --release --all

AUTHORS

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+The Hush Developers
+
+Duke Leto, https://git.hush.is/duke

Cargo.toml

@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@ members = [
     "group",
     "librustzcash",
     "pairing",
-    "zcash_client_backend",
+    "sapling-crypto",
-    "zcash_client_sqlite",
     "zcash_primitives",
     "zcash_proofs",
+    "zcash_wallet",
+    "zip32",
 ]
 
 [profile.release]

LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,619 @@
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+GENERAL General Public License, you may choose any version ever published
+by the Free Software Foundation.
+
+  If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future
+versions of the GENERAL General Public License can be used, that proxy's
+public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
+to choose that version for the Program.
+
+  Later license versions may give you additional or different
+permissions.  However, no additional obligations are imposed on any
+author or copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a
+later version.
+
+  15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
+
+  THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
+APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
+HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY
+OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
+PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM
+IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF
+ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
+
+  16. Limitation of Liability.
+
+  IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
+WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CONVEYS
+THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
+GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE
+USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
+DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
+PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS),
+EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGES.
+
+  17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
+
+  If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
+above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms,
+reviewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates
+an absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the
+Program, unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a
+copy of the Program in return for a fee.

README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-# Zcash Rust crates
+# Hush Rust crates
 
-This repository contains a (work-in-progress) set of Rust crates for
+This repository contains a set of Rust crates for
-working with Zcash.
+working with low-level Hush stuff.
 
 ## Security Warnings
 
@@ -9,16 +9,5 @@ These libraries are currently under development and have not been fully-reviewed
 
 ## License
 
-All code in this workspace is licensed under either of
+GNU Public License 3
 
- * Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
- * MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
-
-at your option.
-
-### Contribution
-
-Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally
-submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0
-license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or
-conditions.

bellman/Cargo.toml

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ repository = "https://github.com/ebfull/bellman"
 version = "0.1.0"
 
 [dependencies]
+rand = "0.4"
 bit-vec = "0.4.4"
-blake2s_simd = "0.5"
 ff = { path = "../ff" }
 futures = "0.1"
 futures-cpupool = { version = "0.1", optional = true }
@@ -18,15 +18,8 @@ group = { path = "../group" }
 num_cpus = { version = "1", optional = true }
 crossbeam = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
 pairing = { path = "../pairing", optional = true }
-rand_core = "0.5"
 byteorder = "1"
 
-[dev-dependencies]
-hex-literal = "0.1"
-rand = "0.7"
-rand_xorshift = "0.2"
-sha2 = "0.8"
-
 [features]
 groth16 = ["pairing"]
 multicore = ["futures-cpupool", "crossbeam", "num_cpus"]

bellman/src/domain.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 use ff::{Field, PrimeField, ScalarEngine};
 use group::CurveProjective;
 
-use super::SynthesisError;
+use super::{
+    SynthesisError
+};
 
 use super::multicore::Worker;
 
@@ -23,7 +25,7 @@ pub struct EvaluationDomain<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> {
     omega: E::Fr,
     omegainv: E::Fr,
     geninv: E::Fr,
-    minv: E::Fr,
+    minv: E::Fr
 }
 
 impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
@@ -39,7 +41,8 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
         self.coeffs
     }
 
-    pub fn from_coeffs(mut coeffs: Vec<G>) -> Result<EvaluationDomain<E, G>, SynthesisError> {
+    pub fn from_coeffs(mut coeffs: Vec<G>) -> Result<EvaluationDomain<E, G>, SynthesisError>
+    {
         // Compute the size of our evaluation domain
         let mut m = 1;
         let mut exp = 0;
@@ -50,7 +53,7 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
             // The pairing-friendly curve may not be able to support
             // large enough (radix2) evaluation domains.
             if exp >= E::Fr::S {
-                return Err(SynthesisError::PolynomialDegreeTooLarge);
+                return Err(SynthesisError::PolynomialDegreeTooLarge)
             }
         }
 
@@ -69,18 +72,17 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
             omega: omega,
             omegainv: omega.inverse().unwrap(),
             geninv: E::Fr::multiplicative_generator().inverse().unwrap(),
-            minv: E::Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", m))
+            minv: E::Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", m)).unwrap().inverse().unwrap()
-                .unwrap()
-                .inverse()
-                .unwrap(),
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn fft(&mut self, worker: &Worker) {
+    pub fn fft(&mut self, worker: &Worker)
+    {
         best_fft(&mut self.coeffs, worker, &self.omega, self.exp);
     }
 
-    pub fn ifft(&mut self, worker: &Worker) {
+    pub fn ifft(&mut self, worker: &Worker)
+    {
         best_fft(&mut self.coeffs, worker, &self.omegainv, self.exp);
 
         worker.scope(self.coeffs.len(), |scope, chunk| {
@@ -96,7 +98,8 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn distribute_powers(&mut self, worker: &Worker, g: E::Fr) {
+    pub fn distribute_powers(&mut self, worker: &Worker, g: E::Fr)
+    {
         worker.scope(self.coeffs.len(), |scope, chunk| {
             for (i, v) in self.coeffs.chunks_mut(chunk).enumerate() {
                 scope.spawn(move || {
@@ -110,12 +113,14 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
         });
     }
 
-    pub fn coset_fft(&mut self, worker: &Worker) {
+    pub fn coset_fft(&mut self, worker: &Worker)
+    {
         self.distribute_powers(worker, E::Fr::multiplicative_generator());
         self.fft(worker);
     }
 
-    pub fn icoset_fft(&mut self, worker: &Worker) {
+    pub fn icoset_fft(&mut self, worker: &Worker)
+    {
         let geninv = self.geninv;
 
         self.ifft(worker);
@@ -134,11 +139,9 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
     /// The target polynomial is the zero polynomial in our
     /// evaluation domain, so we must perform division over
     /// a coset.
-    pub fn divide_by_z_on_coset(&mut self, worker: &Worker) {
+    pub fn divide_by_z_on_coset(&mut self, worker: &Worker)
-        let i = self
+    {
-            .z(&E::Fr::multiplicative_generator())
+        let i = self.z(&E::Fr::multiplicative_generator()).inverse().unwrap();
-            .inverse()
-            .unwrap();
 
         worker.scope(self.coeffs.len(), |scope, chunk| {
             for v in self.coeffs.chunks_mut(chunk) {
@@ -156,11 +159,7 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
         assert_eq!(self.coeffs.len(), other.coeffs.len());
 
         worker.scope(self.coeffs.len(), |scope, chunk| {
-            for (a, b) in self
+            for (a, b) in self.coeffs.chunks_mut(chunk).zip(other.coeffs.chunks(chunk)) {
-                .coeffs
-                .chunks_mut(chunk)
-                .zip(other.coeffs.chunks(chunk))
-            {
                 scope.spawn(move || {
                     for (a, b) in a.iter_mut().zip(b.iter()) {
                         a.group_mul_assign(&b.0);
@@ -175,11 +174,7 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine, G: Group<E>> EvaluationDomain<E, G> {
         assert_eq!(self.coeffs.len(), other.coeffs.len());
 
         worker.scope(self.coeffs.len(), |scope, chunk| {
-            for (a, b) in self
+            for (a, b) in self.coeffs.chunks_mut(chunk).zip(other.coeffs.chunks(chunk)) {
-                .coeffs
-                .chunks_mut(chunk)
-                .zip(other.coeffs.chunks(chunk))
-            {
                 scope.spawn(move || {
                     for (a, b) in a.iter_mut().zip(b.iter()) {
                         a.group_sub_assign(&b);
@@ -259,7 +254,8 @@ impl<E: ScalarEngine> Group<E> for Scalar<E> {
     }
 }
 
-fn best_fft<E: ScalarEngine, T: Group<E>>(a: &mut [T], worker: &Worker, omega: &E::Fr, log_n: u32) {
+fn best_fft<E: ScalarEngine, T: Group<E>>(a: &mut [T], worker: &Worker, omega: &E::Fr, log_n: u32)
+{
     let log_cpus = worker.log_num_cpus();
 
     if log_n <= log_cpus {
@@ -269,7 +265,8 @@ fn best_fft<E: ScalarEngine, T: Group<E>>(a: &mut [T], worker: &Worker, omega: &
     }
 }
 
-fn serial_fft<E: ScalarEngine, T: Group<E>>(a: &mut [T], omega: &E::Fr, log_n: u32) {
+fn serial_fft<E: ScalarEngine, T: Group<E>>(a: &mut [T], omega: &E::Fr, log_n: u32)
+{
     fn bitreverse(mut n: u32, l: u32) -> u32 {
         let mut r = 0;
         for _ in 0..l {
@@ -318,8 +315,9 @@ fn parallel_fft<E: ScalarEngine, T: Group<E>>(
     worker: &Worker,
     omega: &E::Fr,
     log_n: u32,
-    log_cpus: u32,
+    log_cpus: u32
-) {
+)
+{
     assert!(log_n >= log_cpus);
 
     let num_cpus = 1 << log_cpus;
@@ -377,19 +375,16 @@ fn parallel_fft<E: ScalarEngine, T: Group<E>>(
 #[test]
 fn polynomial_arith() {
     use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-    use rand_core::RngCore;
+    use rand::{self, Rand};
 
-    fn test_mul<E: ScalarEngine, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+    fn test_mul<E: ScalarEngine, R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R)
+    {
         let worker = Worker::new();
 
         for coeffs_a in 0..70 {
             for coeffs_b in 0..70 {
-                let mut a: Vec<_> = (0..coeffs_a)
+                let mut a: Vec<_> = (0..coeffs_a).map(|_| Scalar::<E>(E::Fr::rand(rng))).collect();
-                    .map(|_| Scalar::<E>(E::Fr::random(rng)))
+                let mut b: Vec<_> = (0..coeffs_b).map(|_| Scalar::<E>(E::Fr::rand(rng))).collect();
-                    .collect();
-                let mut b: Vec<_> = (0..coeffs_b)
-                    .map(|_| Scalar::<E>(E::Fr::random(rng)))
-                    .collect();
 
                 // naive evaluation
                 let mut naive = vec![Scalar(E::Fr::zero()); coeffs_a + coeffs_b];
@@ -428,9 +423,10 @@ fn polynomial_arith() {
 #[test]
 fn fft_composition() {
     use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-    use rand_core::RngCore;
+    use rand;
 
-    fn test_comp<E: ScalarEngine, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+    fn test_comp<E: ScalarEngine, R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R)
+    {
         let worker = Worker::new();
 
         for coeffs in 0..10 {
@@ -438,7 +434,7 @@ fn fft_composition() {
 
             let mut v = vec![];
             for _ in 0..coeffs {
-                v.push(Scalar::<E>(E::Fr::random(rng)));
+                v.push(Scalar::<E>(rng.gen()));
             }
 
             let mut domain = EvaluationDomain::from_coeffs(v.clone()).unwrap();
@@ -466,19 +462,18 @@ fn fft_composition() {
 #[test]
 fn parallel_fft_consistency() {
     use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-    use rand_core::RngCore;
+    use rand::{self, Rand};
     use std::cmp::min;
 
-    fn test_consistency<E: ScalarEngine, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+    fn test_consistency<E: ScalarEngine, R: rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R)
+    {
         let worker = Worker::new();
 
         for _ in 0..5 {
             for log_d in 0..10 {
                 let d = 1 << log_d;
 
-                let v1 = (0..d)
+                let v1 = (0..d).map(|_| Scalar::<E>(E::Fr::rand(rng))).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                    .map(|_| Scalar::<E>(E::Fr::random(rng)))
-                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                 let mut v1 = EvaluationDomain::from_coeffs(v1).unwrap();
                 let mut v2 = EvaluationDomain::from_coeffs(v1.coeffs.clone()).unwrap();
 

bellman/src/gadgets/multipack.rs

@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-use super::boolean::Boolean;
-use super::num::Num;
-use super::Assignment;
-use crate::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
-use ff::{Field, PrimeField};
-use pairing::Engine;
-
-/// Takes a sequence of booleans and exposes them as compact
-/// public inputs
-pub fn pack_into_inputs<E, CS>(mut cs: CS, bits: &[Boolean]) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
-where
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
-{
-    for (i, bits) in bits.chunks(E::Fr::CAPACITY as usize).enumerate() {
-        let mut num = Num::<E>::zero();
-        let mut coeff = E::Fr::one();
-        for bit in bits {
-            num = num.add_bool_with_coeff(CS::one(), bit, coeff);
-
-            coeff.double();
-        }
-
-        let input = cs.alloc_input(|| format!("input {}", i), || Ok(*num.get_value().get()?))?;
-
-        // num * 1 = input
-        cs.enforce(
-            || format!("packing constraint {}", i),
-            |_| num.lc(E::Fr::one()),
-            |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-            |lc| lc + input,
-        );
-    }
-
-    Ok(())
-}
-
-pub fn bytes_to_bits(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<bool> {
-    bytes
-        .iter()
-        .flat_map(|&v| (0..8).rev().map(move |i| (v >> i) & 1 == 1))
-        .collect()
-}
-
-pub fn bytes_to_bits_le(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<bool> {
-    bytes
-        .iter()
-        .flat_map(|&v| (0..8).map(move |i| (v >> i) & 1 == 1))
-        .collect()
-}
-
-pub fn compute_multipacking<E: Engine>(bits: &[bool]) -> Vec<E::Fr> {
-    let mut result = vec![];
-
-    for bits in bits.chunks(E::Fr::CAPACITY as usize) {
-        let mut cur = E::Fr::zero();
-        let mut coeff = E::Fr::one();
-
-        for bit in bits {
-            if *bit {
-                cur.add_assign(&coeff);
-            }
-
-            coeff.double();
-        }
-
-        result.push(cur);
-    }
-
-    result
-}
-
-#[test]
-fn test_multipacking() {
-    use crate::ConstraintSystem;
-    use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-    use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
-
-    use super::boolean::{AllocatedBit, Boolean};
-    use crate::gadgets::test::*;
-
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
-
-    for num_bits in 0..1500 {
-        let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
-
-        let bits: Vec<bool> = (0..num_bits).map(|_| rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0).collect();
-
-        let circuit_bits = bits
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, &b)| {
-                Boolean::from(
-                    AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| format!("bit {}", i)), Some(b)).unwrap(),
-                )
-            })
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-
-        let expected_inputs = compute_multipacking::<Bls12>(&bits);
-
-        pack_into_inputs(cs.namespace(|| "pack"), &circuit_bits).unwrap();
-
-        assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
-        assert!(cs.verify(&expected_inputs));
-    }
-}

bellman/src/groth16/generator.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::Rng;
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -6,34 +6,55 @@ use ff::{Field, PrimeField};
 use group::{CurveAffine, CurveProjective, Wnaf};
 use pairing::Engine;
 
-use super::{Parameters, VerifyingKey};
+use super::{
+    Parameters,
+    VerifyingKey
+};
 
-use {Circuit, ConstraintSystem, Index, LinearCombination, SynthesisError, Variable};
+use ::{
+    SynthesisError,
+    Circuit,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    LinearCombination,
+    Variable,
+    Index
+};
 
-use domain::{EvaluationDomain, Scalar};
+use ::domain::{
+    EvaluationDomain,
+    Scalar
+};
 
-use multicore::Worker;
+use ::multicore::{
+    Worker
+};
 
 /// Generates a random common reference string for
 /// a circuit.
 pub fn generate_random_parameters<E, C, R>(
     circuit: C,
-    rng: &mut R,
+    rng: &mut R
 ) -> Result<Parameters<E>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, C: Circuit<E>, R: Rng
-    E: Engine,
-    C: Circuit<E>,
-    R: RngCore,
 {
-    let g1 = E::G1::random(rng);
+    let g1 = rng.gen();
-    let g2 = E::G2::random(rng);
+    let g2 = rng.gen();
-    let alpha = E::Fr::random(rng);
+    let alpha = rng.gen();
-    let beta = E::Fr::random(rng);
+    let beta = rng.gen();
-    let gamma = E::Fr::random(rng);
+    let gamma = rng.gen();
-    let delta = E::Fr::random(rng);
+    let delta = rng.gen();
-    let tau = E::Fr::random(rng);
+    let tau = rng.gen();
 
-    generate_parameters::<E, C>(circuit, g1, g2, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, tau)
+    generate_parameters::<E, C>(
+        circuit,
+        g1,
+        g2,
+        alpha,
+        beta,
+        gamma,
+        delta,
+        tau
+    )
 }
 
 /// This is our assembly structure that we'll use to synthesize the
@@ -47,17 +68,18 @@ struct KeypairAssembly<E: Engine> {
     ct_inputs: Vec<Vec<(E::Fr, usize)>>,
     at_aux: Vec<Vec<(E::Fr, usize)>>,
     bt_aux: Vec<Vec<(E::Fr, usize)>>,
-    ct_aux: Vec<Vec<(E::Fr, usize)>>,
+    ct_aux: Vec<Vec<(E::Fr, usize)>>
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for KeypairAssembly<E> {
     type Root = Self;
 
-    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(&mut self, _: A, _: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        _: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        _: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         // There is no assignment, so we don't even invoke the
         // function for obtaining one.
@@ -72,11 +94,12 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for KeypairAssembly<E> {
         Ok(Variable(Index::Aux(index)))
     }
 
-    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(&mut self, _: A, _: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        _: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        _: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         // There is no assignment, so we don't even invoke the
         // function for obtaining one.
@@ -91,59 +114,48 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for KeypairAssembly<E> {
         Ok(Variable(Index::Input(index)))
     }
 
-    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(&mut self, _: A, a: LA, b: LB, c: LC)
+    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        _: A,
-        AR: Into<String>,
+        a: LA,
+        b: LB,
+        c: LC
+    )
+        where A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>,
               LA: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
               LB: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
-        LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
+              LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>
     {
         fn eval<E: Engine>(
             l: LinearCombination<E>,
             inputs: &mut [Vec<(E::Fr, usize)>],
             aux: &mut [Vec<(E::Fr, usize)>],
-            this_constraint: usize,
+            this_constraint: usize
-        ) {
+        )
+        {
             for (index, coeff) in l.0 {
                 match index {
                     Variable(Index::Input(id)) => inputs[id].push((coeff, this_constraint)),
-                    Variable(Index::Aux(id)) => aux[id].push((coeff, this_constraint)),
+                    Variable(Index::Aux(id)) => aux[id].push((coeff, this_constraint))
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        eval(
+        eval(a(LinearCombination::zero()), &mut self.at_inputs, &mut self.at_aux, self.num_constraints);
-            a(LinearCombination::zero()),
+        eval(b(LinearCombination::zero()), &mut self.bt_inputs, &mut self.bt_aux, self.num_constraints);
-            &mut self.at_inputs,
+        eval(c(LinearCombination::zero()), &mut self.ct_inputs, &mut self.ct_aux, self.num_constraints);
-            &mut self.at_aux,
-            self.num_constraints,
-        );
-        eval(
-            b(LinearCombination::zero()),
-            &mut self.bt_inputs,
-            &mut self.bt_aux,
-            self.num_constraints,
-        );
-        eval(
-            c(LinearCombination::zero()),
-            &mut self.ct_inputs,
-            &mut self.ct_aux,
-            self.num_constraints,
-        );
 
         self.num_constraints += 1;
     }
 
     fn push_namespace<NR, N>(&mut self, _: N)
-    where
+        where NR: Into<String>, N: FnOnce() -> NR
-        NR: Into<String>,
-        N: FnOnce() -> NR,
     {
         // Do nothing; we don't care about namespaces in this context.
     }
 
-    fn pop_namespace(&mut self) {
+    fn pop_namespace(&mut self)
+    {
         // Do nothing; we don't care about namespaces in this context.
     }
 
@@ -161,11 +173,9 @@ pub fn generate_parameters<E, C>(
     beta: E::Fr,
     gamma: E::Fr,
     delta: E::Fr,
-    tau: E::Fr,
+    tau: E::Fr
 ) -> Result<Parameters<E>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, C: Circuit<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    C: Circuit<E>,
 {
     let mut assembly = KeypairAssembly {
         num_inputs: 0,
@@ -176,7 +186,7 @@ where
         ct_inputs: vec![],
         at_aux: vec![],
         bt_aux: vec![],
-        ct_aux: vec![],
+        ct_aux: vec![]
     };
 
     // Allocate the "one" input variable
@@ -188,7 +198,11 @@ where
     // Input constraints to ensure full density of IC query
     // x * 0 = 0
     for i in 0..assembly.num_inputs {
-        assembly.enforce(|| "", |lc| lc + Variable(Index::Input(i)), |lc| lc, |lc| lc);
+        assembly.enforce(|| "",
+            |lc| lc + Variable(Index::Input(i)),
+            |lc| lc,
+            |lc| lc,
+        );
     }
 
     // Create bases for blind evaluation of polynomials at tau
@@ -226,7 +240,8 @@ where
         {
             let powers_of_tau = powers_of_tau.as_mut();
             worker.scope(powers_of_tau.len(), |scope, chunk| {
-                for (i, powers_of_tau) in powers_of_tau.chunks_mut(chunk).enumerate() {
+                for (i, powers_of_tau) in powers_of_tau.chunks_mut(chunk).enumerate()
+                {
                     scope.spawn(move || {
                         let mut current_tau_power = tau.pow(&[(i*chunk) as u64]);
 
@@ -245,15 +260,14 @@ where
 
         // Compute the H query with multiple threads
         worker.scope(h.len(), |scope, chunk| {
-            for (h, p) in h
+            for (h, p) in h.chunks_mut(chunk).zip(powers_of_tau.as_ref().chunks(chunk))
-                .chunks_mut(chunk)
-                .zip(powers_of_tau.as_ref().chunks(chunk))
             {
                 let mut g1_wnaf = g1_wnaf.shared();
 
                 scope.spawn(move || {
                     // Set values of the H query to g1^{(tau^i * t(tau)) / delta}
-                    for (h, p) in h.iter_mut().zip(p.iter()) {
+                    for (h, p) in h.iter_mut().zip(p.iter())
+                    {
                         // Compute final exponent
                         let mut exp = p.0;
                         exp.mul_assign(&coeff);
@@ -306,8 +320,9 @@ where
         beta: &E::Fr,
 
         // Worker
-        worker: &Worker,
+        worker: &Worker
-    ) {
+    )
+    {
         // Sanity check
         assert_eq!(a.len(), at.len());
         assert_eq!(a.len(), bt.len());
@@ -318,8 +333,7 @@ where
 
         // Evaluate polynomials in multiple threads
         worker.scope(a.len(), |scope, chunk| {
-            for ((((((a, b_g1), b_g2), ext), at), bt), ct) in a
+            for ((((((a, b_g1), b_g2), ext), at), bt), ct) in a.chunks_mut(chunk)
-                .chunks_mut(chunk)
                                                                .zip(b_g1.chunks_mut(chunk))
                                                                .zip(b_g2.chunks_mut(chunk))
                                                                .zip(ext.chunks_mut(chunk))
@@ -331,8 +345,7 @@ where
                 let mut g2_wnaf = g2_wnaf.shared();
 
                 scope.spawn(move || {
-                    for ((((((a, b_g1), b_g2), ext), at), bt), ct) in a
+                    for ((((((a, b_g1), b_g2), ext), at), bt), ct) in a.iter_mut()
-                        .iter_mut()
                                                                        .zip(b_g1.iter_mut())
                                                                        .zip(b_g2.iter_mut())
                                                                        .zip(ext.iter_mut())
@@ -342,8 +355,9 @@ where
                     {
                         fn eval_at_tau<E: Engine>(
                             powers_of_tau: &[Scalar<E>],
-                            p: &[(E::Fr, usize)],
+                            p: &[(E::Fr, usize)]
-                        ) -> E::Fr {
+                        ) -> E::Fr
+                        {
                             let mut acc = E::Fr::zero();
 
                             for &(ref coeff, index) in p {
@@ -408,7 +422,7 @@ where
         &gamma_inverse,
         &alpha,
         &beta,
-        &worker,
+        &worker
     );
 
     // Evaluate for auxiliary variables.
@@ -426,7 +440,7 @@ where
         &delta_inverse,
         &alpha,
         &beta,
-        &worker,
+        &worker
     );
 
     // Don't allow any elements be unconstrained, so that
@@ -447,7 +461,7 @@ where
         gamma_g2: g2.mul(gamma).into_affine(),
         delta_g1: g1.mul(delta).into_affine(),
         delta_g2: g2.mul(delta).into_affine(),
-        ic: ic.into_iter().map(|e| e.into_affine()).collect(),
+        ic: ic.into_iter().map(|e| e.into_affine()).collect()
     };
 
     Ok(Parameters {
@@ -456,23 +470,8 @@ where
         l: Arc::new(l.into_iter().map(|e| e.into_affine()).collect()),
 
         // Filter points at infinity away from A/B queries
-        a: Arc::new(
+        a: Arc::new(a.into_iter().filter(|e| !e.is_zero()).map(|e| e.into_affine()).collect()),
-            a.into_iter()
+        b_g1: Arc::new(b_g1.into_iter().filter(|e| !e.is_zero()).map(|e| e.into_affine()).collect()),
-                .filter(|e| !e.is_zero())
+        b_g2: Arc::new(b_g2.into_iter().filter(|e| !e.is_zero()).map(|e| e.into_affine()).collect())
-                .map(|e| e.into_affine())
-                .collect(),
-        ),
-        b_g1: Arc::new(
-            b_g1.into_iter()
-                .filter(|e| !e.is_zero())
-                .map(|e| e.into_affine())
-                .collect(),
-        ),
-        b_g2: Arc::new(
-            b_g2.into_iter()
-                .filter(|e| !e.is_zero())
-                .map(|e| e.into_affine())
-                .collect(),
-        ),
     })
 }

bellman/src/groth16/mod.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
 use group::{CurveAffine, EncodedPoint};
-use pairing::{Engine, PairingCurveAffine};
+use pairing::{
+    Engine,
+    PairingCurveAffine,
+};
 
-use SynthesisError;
+use ::{
+    SynthesisError
+};
 
-use byteorder::{BigEndian, ReadBytesExt, WriteBytesExt};
 use multiexp::SourceBuilder;
 use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use byteorder::{BigEndian, WriteBytesExt, ReadBytesExt};
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
@@ -23,17 +28,23 @@ pub use self::verifier::*;
 pub struct Proof<E: Engine> {
     pub a: E::G1Affine,
     pub b: E::G2Affine,
-    pub c: E::G1Affine,
+    pub c: E::G1Affine
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> PartialEq for Proof<E> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.a == other.a && self.b == other.b && self.c == other.c
+        self.a == other.a &&
+        self.b == other.b &&
+        self.c == other.c
     }
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> Proof<E> {
-    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(
+        &self,
+        mut writer: W
+    ) -> io::Result<()>
+    {
         writer.write_all(self.a.into_compressed().as_ref())?;
         writer.write_all(self.b.into_compressed().as_ref())?;
         writer.write_all(self.c.into_compressed().as_ref())?;
@@ -41,7 +52,10 @@ impl<E: Engine> Proof<E> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn read<R: Read>(mut reader: R) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(
+        mut reader: R
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
+    {
         let mut g1_repr = <E::G1Affine as CurveAffine>::Compressed::empty();
         let mut g2_repr = <E::G2Affine as CurveAffine>::Compressed::empty();
 
@@ -49,48 +63,37 @@ impl<E: Engine> Proof<E> {
         let a = g1_repr
                 .into_affine()
                 .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))
-            .and_then(|e| {
+                .and_then(|e| if e.is_zero() {
-                if e.is_zero() {
+                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "point at infinity"))
-                    Err(io::Error::new(
-                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
-                        "point at infinity",
-                    ))
                 } else {
                     Ok(e)
-                }
                 })?;
 
         reader.read_exact(g2_repr.as_mut())?;
         let b = g2_repr
                 .into_affine()
                 .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))
-            .and_then(|e| {
+                .and_then(|e| if e.is_zero() {
-                if e.is_zero() {
+                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "point at infinity"))
-                    Err(io::Error::new(
-                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
-                        "point at infinity",
-                    ))
                 } else {
                     Ok(e)
-                }
                 })?;
 
         reader.read_exact(g1_repr.as_mut())?;
         let c = g1_repr
                 .into_affine()
                 .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))
-            .and_then(|e| {
+                .and_then(|e| if e.is_zero() {
-                if e.is_zero() {
+                    Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "point at infinity"))
-                    Err(io::Error::new(
-                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
-                        "point at infinity",
-                    ))
                 } else {
                     Ok(e)
-                }
                 })?;
 
-        Ok(Proof { a: a, b: b, c: c })
+        Ok(Proof {
+            a: a,
+            b: b,
+            c: c
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -119,23 +122,27 @@ pub struct VerifyingKey<E: Engine> {
     // for all public inputs. Because all public inputs have a dummy constraint,
     // this is the same size as the number of inputs, and never contains points
     // at infinity.
-    pub ic: Vec<E::G1Affine>,
+    pub ic: Vec<E::G1Affine>
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> PartialEq for VerifyingKey<E> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.alpha_g1 == other.alpha_g1
+        self.alpha_g1 == other.alpha_g1 &&
-            && self.beta_g1 == other.beta_g1
+        self.beta_g1 == other.beta_g1 &&
-            && self.beta_g2 == other.beta_g2
+        self.beta_g2 == other.beta_g2 &&
-            && self.gamma_g2 == other.gamma_g2
+        self.gamma_g2 == other.gamma_g2 &&
-            && self.delta_g1 == other.delta_g1
+        self.delta_g1 == other.delta_g1 &&
-            && self.delta_g2 == other.delta_g2
+        self.delta_g2 == other.delta_g2 &&
-            && self.ic == other.ic
+        self.ic == other.ic
     }
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> VerifyingKey<E> {
-    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(
+        &self,
+        mut writer: W
+    ) -> io::Result<()>
+    {
         writer.write_all(self.alpha_g1.into_uncompressed().as_ref())?;
         writer.write_all(self.beta_g1.into_uncompressed().as_ref())?;
         writer.write_all(self.beta_g2.into_uncompressed().as_ref())?;
@@ -150,39 +157,30 @@ impl<E: Engine> VerifyingKey<E> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn read<R: Read>(mut reader: R) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(
+        mut reader: R
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
+    {
         let mut g1_repr = <E::G1Affine as CurveAffine>::Uncompressed::empty();
         let mut g2_repr = <E::G2Affine as CurveAffine>::Uncompressed::empty();
 
         reader.read_exact(g1_repr.as_mut())?;
-        let alpha_g1 = g1_repr
+        let alpha_g1 = g1_repr.into_affine().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
-            .into_affine()
-            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
 
         reader.read_exact(g1_repr.as_mut())?;
-        let beta_g1 = g1_repr
+        let beta_g1 = g1_repr.into_affine().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
-            .into_affine()
-            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
 
         reader.read_exact(g2_repr.as_mut())?;
-        let beta_g2 = g2_repr
+        let beta_g2 = g2_repr.into_affine().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
-            .into_affine()
-            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
 
         reader.read_exact(g2_repr.as_mut())?;
-        let gamma_g2 = g2_repr
+        let gamma_g2 = g2_repr.into_affine().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
-            .into_affine()
-            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
 
         reader.read_exact(g1_repr.as_mut())?;
-        let delta_g1 = g1_repr
+        let delta_g1 = g1_repr.into_affine().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
-            .into_affine()
-            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
 
         reader.read_exact(g2_repr.as_mut())?;
-        let delta_g2 = g2_repr
+        let delta_g2 = g2_repr.into_affine().map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
-            .into_affine()
-            .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))?;
 
         let ic_len = reader.read_u32::<BigEndian>()? as usize;
 
@@ -193,15 +191,10 @@ impl<E: Engine> VerifyingKey<E> {
             let g1 = g1_repr
                      .into_affine()
                      .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))
-                .and_then(|e| {
+                     .and_then(|e| if e.is_zero() {
-                    if e.is_zero() {
+                         Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "point at infinity"))
-                        Err(io::Error::new(
-                            io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
-                            "point at infinity",
-                        ))
                      } else {
                          Ok(e)
-                    }
                      })?;
 
             ic.push(g1);
@@ -214,7 +207,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> VerifyingKey<E> {
             gamma_g2: gamma_g2,
             delta_g1: delta_g1,
             delta_g2: delta_g2,
-            ic: ic,
+            ic: ic
         })
     }
 }
@@ -241,22 +234,26 @@ pub struct Parameters<E: Engine> {
     // G1 and G2 for C/B queries, respectively. Never contains points at
     // infinity for the same reason as the "A" polynomials.
     pub b_g1: Arc<Vec<E::G1Affine>>,
-    pub b_g2: Arc<Vec<E::G2Affine>>,
+    pub b_g2: Arc<Vec<E::G2Affine>>
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> PartialEq for Parameters<E> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.vk == other.vk
+        self.vk == other.vk &&
-            && self.h == other.h
+        self.h == other.h &&
-            && self.l == other.l
+        self.l == other.l &&
-            && self.a == other.a
+        self.a == other.a &&
-            && self.b_g1 == other.b_g1
+        self.b_g1 == other.b_g1 &&
-            && self.b_g2 == other.b_g2
+        self.b_g2 == other.b_g2
     }
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> Parameters<E> {
-    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, mut writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(
+        &self,
+        mut writer: W
+    ) -> io::Result<()>
+    {
         self.vk.write(&mut writer)?;
 
         writer.write_u32::<BigEndian>(self.h.len() as u32)?;
@@ -287,26 +284,27 @@ impl<E: Engine> Parameters<E> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    pub fn read<R: Read>(mut reader: R, checked: bool) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(
+        mut reader: R,
+        checked: bool
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
+    {
         let read_g1 = |reader: &mut R| -> io::Result<E::G1Affine> {
             let mut repr = <E::G1Affine as CurveAffine>::Uncompressed::empty();
             reader.read_exact(repr.as_mut())?;
 
             if checked {
-                repr.into_affine()
+                repr
+                .into_affine()
             } else {
-                repr.into_affine_unchecked()
+                repr
+                .into_affine_unchecked()
             }
             .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))
-            .and_then(|e| {
+            .and_then(|e| if e.is_zero() {
-                if e.is_zero() {
+                Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "point at infinity"))
-                    Err(io::Error::new(
-                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
-                        "point at infinity",
-                    ))
             } else {
                 Ok(e)
-                }
             })
         };
 
@@ -315,20 +313,17 @@ impl<E: Engine> Parameters<E> {
             reader.read_exact(repr.as_mut())?;
 
             if checked {
-                repr.into_affine()
+                repr
+                .into_affine()
             } else {
-                repr.into_affine_unchecked()
+                repr
+                .into_affine_unchecked()
             }
             .map_err(|e| io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, e))
-            .and_then(|e| {
+            .and_then(|e| if e.is_zero() {
-                if e.is_zero() {
+                Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidData, "point at infinity"))
-                    Err(io::Error::new(
-                        io::ErrorKind::InvalidData,
-                        "point at infinity",
-                    ))
             } else {
                 Ok(e)
-                }
             })
         };
 
@@ -381,7 +376,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> Parameters<E> {
             l: Arc::new(l),
             a: Arc::new(a),
             b_g1: Arc::new(b_g1),
-            b_g2: Arc::new(b_g2),
+            b_g2: Arc::new(b_g2)
         })
     }
 }
@@ -394,30 +389,39 @@ pub struct PreparedVerifyingKey<E: Engine> {
     /// -delta in G2
     neg_delta_g2: <E::G2Affine as PairingCurveAffine>::Prepared,
     /// Copy of IC from `VerifiyingKey`.
-    ic: Vec<E::G1Affine>,
+    ic: Vec<E::G1Affine>
 }
 
 pub trait ParameterSource<E: Engine> {
     type G1Builder: SourceBuilder<E::G1Affine>;
     type G2Builder: SourceBuilder<E::G2Affine>;
 
-    fn get_vk(&mut self, num_ic: usize) -> Result<VerifyingKey<E>, SynthesisError>;
+    fn get_vk(
-    fn get_h(&mut self, num_h: usize) -> Result<Self::G1Builder, SynthesisError>;
+        &mut self,
-    fn get_l(&mut self, num_l: usize) -> Result<Self::G1Builder, SynthesisError>;
+        num_ic: usize
+    ) -> Result<VerifyingKey<E>, SynthesisError>;
+    fn get_h(
+        &mut self,
+        num_h: usize
+    ) -> Result<Self::G1Builder, SynthesisError>;
+    fn get_l(
+        &mut self,
+        num_l: usize
+    ) -> Result<Self::G1Builder, SynthesisError>;
     fn get_a(
         &mut self,
         num_inputs: usize,
-        num_aux: usize,
+        num_aux: usize
     ) -> Result<(Self::G1Builder, Self::G1Builder), SynthesisError>;
     fn get_b_g1(
         &mut self,
         num_inputs: usize,
-        num_aux: usize,
+        num_aux: usize
     ) -> Result<(Self::G1Builder, Self::G1Builder), SynthesisError>;
     fn get_b_g2(
         &mut self,
         num_inputs: usize,
-        num_aux: usize,
+        num_aux: usize
     ) -> Result<(Self::G2Builder, Self::G2Builder), SynthesisError>;
 }
 
@@ -425,39 +429,54 @@ impl<'a, E: Engine> ParameterSource<E> for &'a Parameters<E> {
     type G1Builder = (Arc<Vec<E::G1Affine>>, usize);
     type G2Builder = (Arc<Vec<E::G2Affine>>, usize);
 
-    fn get_vk(&mut self, _: usize) -> Result<VerifyingKey<E>, SynthesisError> {
+    fn get_vk(
+        &mut self,
+        _: usize
+    ) -> Result<VerifyingKey<E>, SynthesisError>
+    {
         Ok(self.vk.clone())
     }
 
-    fn get_h(&mut self, _: usize) -> Result<Self::G1Builder, SynthesisError> {
+    fn get_h(
+        &mut self,
+        _: usize
+    ) -> Result<Self::G1Builder, SynthesisError>
+    {
         Ok((self.h.clone(), 0))
     }
 
-    fn get_l(&mut self, _: usize) -> Result<Self::G1Builder, SynthesisError> {
+    fn get_l(
+        &mut self,
+        _: usize
+    ) -> Result<Self::G1Builder, SynthesisError>
+    {
         Ok((self.l.clone(), 0))
     }
 
     fn get_a(
         &mut self,
         num_inputs: usize,
-        _: usize,
+        _: usize
-    ) -> Result<(Self::G1Builder, Self::G1Builder), SynthesisError> {
+    ) -> Result<(Self::G1Builder, Self::G1Builder), SynthesisError>
+    {
         Ok(((self.a.clone(), 0), (self.a.clone(), num_inputs)))
     }
 
     fn get_b_g1(
         &mut self,
         num_inputs: usize,
-        _: usize,
+        _: usize
-    ) -> Result<(Self::G1Builder, Self::G1Builder), SynthesisError> {
+    ) -> Result<(Self::G1Builder, Self::G1Builder), SynthesisError>
+    {
         Ok(((self.b_g1.clone(), 0), (self.b_g1.clone(), num_inputs)))
     }
 
     fn get_b_g2(
         &mut self,
         num_inputs: usize,
-        _: usize,
+        _: usize
-    ) -> Result<(Self::G2Builder, Self::G2Builder), SynthesisError> {
+    ) -> Result<(Self::G2Builder, Self::G2Builder), SynthesisError>
+    {
         Ok(((self.b_g2.clone(), 0), (self.b_g2.clone(), num_inputs)))
     }
 }
@@ -465,38 +484,41 @@ impl<'a, E: Engine> ParameterSource<E> for &'a Parameters<E> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test_with_bls12_381 {
     use super::*;
-    use {Circuit, ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
+    use {Circuit, SynthesisError, ConstraintSystem};
 
     use ff::Field;
+    use rand::{Rand, thread_rng};
     use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
-    use rand::thread_rng;
 
     #[test]
     fn serialization() {
         struct MySillyCircuit<E: Engine> {
             a: Option<E::Fr>,
-            b: Option<E::Fr>,
+            b: Option<E::Fr>
         }
 
         impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for MySillyCircuit<E> {
             fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
                 self,
-                cs: &mut CS,
+                cs: &mut CS
-            ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+            ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+            {
                 let a = cs.alloc(|| "a", || self.a.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing))?;
                 let b = cs.alloc(|| "b", || self.b.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing))?;
-                let c = cs.alloc_input(
+                let c = cs.alloc_input(|| "c", || {
-                    || "c",
-                    || {
                     let mut a = self.a.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?;
                     let b = self.b.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)?;
 
                     a.mul_assign(&b);
                     Ok(a)
-                    },
+                })?;
-                )?;
 
-                cs.enforce(|| "a*b=c", |lc| lc + a, |lc| lc + b, |lc| lc + c);
+                cs.enforce(
+                    || "a*b=c",
+                    |lc| lc + a,
+                    |lc| lc + b,
+                    |lc| lc + c
+                );
 
                 Ok(())
             }
@@ -504,9 +526,10 @@ mod test_with_bls12_381 {
 
         let rng = &mut thread_rng();
 
-        let params =
+        let params = generate_random_parameters::<Bls12, _, _>(
-            generate_random_parameters::<Bls12, _, _>(MySillyCircuit { a: None, b: None }, rng)
+            MySillyCircuit { a: None, b: None },
-                .unwrap();
+            rng
+        ).unwrap();
 
         {
             let mut v = vec![];
@@ -524,20 +547,19 @@ mod test_with_bls12_381 {
         let pvk = prepare_verifying_key::<Bls12>(&params.vk);
 
         for _ in 0..100 {
-            let a = Fr::random(rng);
+            let a = Fr::rand(rng);
-            let b = Fr::random(rng);
+            let b = Fr::rand(rng);
             let mut c = a;
             c.mul_assign(&b);
 
             let proof = create_random_proof(
                 MySillyCircuit {
                     a: Some(a),
-                    b: Some(b),
+                    b: Some(b)
                 },
                 &params,
-                rng,
+                rng
-            )
+            ).unwrap();
-            .unwrap();
 
             let mut v = vec![];
             proof.write(&mut v).unwrap();

bellman/src/groth16/prover.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::Rng;
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
@@ -8,23 +8,43 @@ use ff::{Field, PrimeField};
 use group::{CurveAffine, CurveProjective};
 use pairing::Engine;
 
-use super::{ParameterSource, Proof};
+use super::{
+    ParameterSource,
+    Proof
+};
 
-use {Circuit, ConstraintSystem, Index, LinearCombination, SynthesisError, Variable};
+use ::{
+    SynthesisError,
+    Circuit,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    LinearCombination,
+    Variable,
+    Index
+};
 
-use domain::{EvaluationDomain, Scalar};
+use ::domain::{
+    EvaluationDomain,
+    Scalar
+};
 
-use multiexp::{multiexp, DensityTracker, FullDensity};
+use ::multiexp::{
+    DensityTracker,
+    FullDensity,
+    multiexp
+};
 
-use multicore::Worker;
+use ::multicore::{
+    Worker
+};
 
 fn eval<E: Engine>(
     lc: &LinearCombination<E>,
     mut input_density: Option<&mut DensityTracker>,
     mut aux_density: Option<&mut DensityTracker>,
     input_assignment: &[E::Fr],
-    aux_assignment: &[E::Fr],
+    aux_assignment: &[E::Fr]
-) -> E::Fr {
+) -> E::Fr
+{
     let mut acc = E::Fr::zero();
 
     for &(index, coeff) in lc.0.iter() {
@@ -36,7 +56,7 @@ fn eval<E: Engine>(
                 if let Some(ref mut v) = input_density {
                     v.inc(i);
                 }
-            }
+            },
             Variable(Index::Aux(i)) => {
                 tmp = aux_assignment[i];
                 if let Some(ref mut v) = aux_density {
@@ -69,17 +89,18 @@ struct ProvingAssignment<E: Engine> {
 
     // Assignments of variables
     input_assignment: Vec<E::Fr>,
-    aux_assignment: Vec<E::Fr>,
+    aux_assignment: Vec<E::Fr>
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for ProvingAssignment<E> {
     type Root = Self;
 
-    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(&mut self, _: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        _: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         self.aux_assignment.push(f()?);
         self.a_aux_density.add_element();
@@ -88,11 +109,12 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for ProvingAssignment<E> {
         Ok(Variable(Index::Aux(self.aux_assignment.len() - 1)))
     }
 
-    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(&mut self, _: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        _: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         self.input_assignment.push(f()?);
         self.b_input_density.add_element();
@@ -100,13 +122,17 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for ProvingAssignment<E> {
         Ok(Variable(Index::Input(self.input_assignment.len() - 1)))
     }
 
-    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(&mut self, _: A, a: LA, b: LB, c: LC)
+    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        _: A,
-        AR: Into<String>,
+        a: LA,
+        b: LB,
+        c: LC
+    )
+        where A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>,
               LA: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
               LB: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
-        LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
+              LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>
     {
         let a = a(LinearCombination::zero());
         let b = b(LinearCombination::zero());
@@ -120,14 +146,14 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for ProvingAssignment<E> {
             None,
             Some(&mut self.a_aux_density),
             &self.input_assignment,
-            &self.aux_assignment,
+            &self.aux_assignment
         )));
         self.b.push(Scalar(eval(
             &b,
             Some(&mut self.b_input_density),
             Some(&mut self.b_aux_density),
             &self.input_assignment,
-            &self.aux_assignment,
+            &self.aux_assignment
         )));
         self.c.push(Scalar(eval(
             &c,
@@ -138,19 +164,18 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for ProvingAssignment<E> {
             None,
             None,
             &self.input_assignment,
-            &self.aux_assignment,
+            &self.aux_assignment
         )));
     }
 
     fn push_namespace<NR, N>(&mut self, _: N)
-    where
+        where NR: Into<String>, N: FnOnce() -> NR
-        NR: Into<String>,
-        N: FnOnce() -> NR,
     {
         // Do nothing; we don't care about namespaces in this context.
     }
 
-    fn pop_namespace(&mut self) {
+    fn pop_namespace(&mut self)
+    {
         // Do nothing; we don't care about namespaces in this context.
     }
 
@@ -162,15 +187,12 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for ProvingAssignment<E> {
 pub fn create_random_proof<E, C, R, P: ParameterSource<E>>(
     circuit: C,
     params: P,
-    rng: &mut R,
+    rng: &mut R
 ) -> Result<Proof<E>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, C: Circuit<E>, R: Rng
-    E: Engine,
-    C: Circuit<E>,
-    R: RngCore,
 {
-    let r = E::Fr::random(rng);
+    let r = rng.gen();
-    let s = E::Fr::random(rng);
+    let s = rng.gen();
 
     create_proof::<E, C, P>(circuit, params, r, s)
 }
@@ -179,11 +201,9 @@ pub fn create_proof<E, C, P: ParameterSource<E>>(
     circuit: C,
     mut params: P,
     r: E::Fr,
-    s: E::Fr,
+    s: E::Fr
 ) -> Result<Proof<E>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, C: Circuit<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    C: Circuit<E>,
 {
     let mut prover = ProvingAssignment {
         a_aux_density: DensityTracker::new(),
@@ -193,7 +213,7 @@ where
         b: vec![],
         c: vec![],
         input_assignment: vec![],
-        aux_assignment: vec![],
+        aux_assignment: vec![]
     };
 
     prover.alloc_input(|| "", || Ok(E::Fr::one()))?;
@@ -201,7 +221,11 @@ where
     circuit.synthesize(&mut prover)?;
 
     for i in 0..prover.input_assignment.len() {
-        prover.enforce(|| "", |lc| lc + Variable(Index::Input(i)), |lc| lc, |lc| lc);
+        prover.enforce(|| "",
+            |lc| lc + Variable(Index::Input(i)),
+            |lc| lc,
+            |lc| lc,
+        );
     }
 
     let worker = Worker::new();
@@ -235,76 +259,31 @@ where
     };
 
     // TODO: parallelize if it's even helpful
-    let input_assignment = Arc::new(
+    let input_assignment = Arc::new(prover.input_assignment.into_iter().map(|s| s.into_repr()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-        prover
+    let aux_assignment = Arc::new(prover.aux_assignment.into_iter().map(|s| s.into_repr()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-            .input_assignment
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|s| s.into_repr())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    );
-    let aux_assignment = Arc::new(
-        prover
-            .aux_assignment
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|s| s.into_repr())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    );
 
-    let l = multiexp(
+    let l = multiexp(&worker, params.get_l(aux_assignment.len())?, FullDensity, aux_assignment.clone());
-        &worker,
-        params.get_l(aux_assignment.len())?,
-        FullDensity,
-        aux_assignment.clone(),
-    );
 
     let a_aux_density_total = prover.a_aux_density.get_total_density();
 
-    let (a_inputs_source, a_aux_source) =
+    let (a_inputs_source, a_aux_source) = params.get_a(input_assignment.len(), a_aux_density_total)?;
-        params.get_a(input_assignment.len(), a_aux_density_total)?;
 
-    let a_inputs = multiexp(
+    let a_inputs = multiexp(&worker, a_inputs_source, FullDensity, input_assignment.clone());
-        &worker,
+    let a_aux = multiexp(&worker, a_aux_source, Arc::new(prover.a_aux_density), aux_assignment.clone());
-        a_inputs_source,
-        FullDensity,
-        input_assignment.clone(),
-    );
-    let a_aux = multiexp(
-        &worker,
-        a_aux_source,
-        Arc::new(prover.a_aux_density),
-        aux_assignment.clone(),
-    );
 
     let b_input_density = Arc::new(prover.b_input_density);
     let b_input_density_total = b_input_density.get_total_density();
     let b_aux_density = Arc::new(prover.b_aux_density);
     let b_aux_density_total = b_aux_density.get_total_density();
 
-    let (b_g1_inputs_source, b_g1_aux_source) =
+    let (b_g1_inputs_source, b_g1_aux_source) = params.get_b_g1(b_input_density_total, b_aux_density_total)?;
-        params.get_b_g1(b_input_density_total, b_aux_density_total)?;
 
-    let b_g1_inputs = multiexp(
+    let b_g1_inputs = multiexp(&worker, b_g1_inputs_source, b_input_density.clone(), input_assignment.clone());
-        &worker,
+    let b_g1_aux = multiexp(&worker, b_g1_aux_source, b_aux_density.clone(), aux_assignment.clone());
-        b_g1_inputs_source,
-        b_input_density.clone(),
-        input_assignment.clone(),
-    );
-    let b_g1_aux = multiexp(
-        &worker,
-        b_g1_aux_source,
-        b_aux_density.clone(),
-        aux_assignment.clone(),
-    );
 
-    let (b_g2_inputs_source, b_g2_aux_source) =
+    let (b_g2_inputs_source, b_g2_aux_source) = params.get_b_g2(b_input_density_total, b_aux_density_total)?;
-        params.get_b_g2(b_input_density_total, b_aux_density_total)?;
     
-    let b_g2_inputs = multiexp(
+    let b_g2_inputs = multiexp(&worker, b_g2_inputs_source, b_input_density, input_assignment);
-        &worker,
-        b_g2_inputs_source,
-        b_input_density,
-        input_assignment,
-    );
     let b_g2_aux = multiexp(&worker, b_g2_aux_source, b_aux_density, aux_assignment);
 
     if vk.delta_g1.is_zero() || vk.delta_g2.is_zero() {
@@ -346,6 +325,6 @@ where
     Ok(Proof {
         a: g_a.into_affine(),
         b: g_b.into_affine(),
-        c: g_c.into_affine(),
+        c: g_c.into_affine()
     })
 }

bellman/src/groth16/tests/dummy_engine.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 use ff::{
-    Field, LegendreSymbol, PrimeField, PrimeFieldDecodingError, PrimeFieldRepr, ScalarEngine,
+    Field, LegendreSymbol, PrimeField, PrimeFieldDecodingError,
-    SqrtField,
+    PrimeFieldRepr, ScalarEngine, SqrtField};
-};
 use group::{CurveAffine, CurveProjective, EncodedPoint, GroupDecodingError};
 use pairing::{Engine, PairingCurveAffine};
 
-use rand_core::RngCore;
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::fmt;
+use rand::{Rand, Rng};
 use std::num::Wrapping;
 
 const MODULUS_R: Wrapping<u32> = Wrapping(64513);
@@ -21,11 +20,13 @@ impl fmt::Display for Fr {
     }
 }
 
-impl Field for Fr {
+impl Rand for Fr {
-    fn random<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
+    fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
-        Fr(Wrapping(rng.next_u32()) % MODULUS_R)
+        Fr(Wrapping(rng.gen()) % MODULUS_R)
+    }
 }
 
+impl Field for Fr {
     fn zero() -> Self {
         Fr(Wrapping(0))
     }
@@ -81,13 +82,9 @@ impl SqrtField for Fr {
     fn legendre(&self) -> LegendreSymbol {
         // s = self^((r - 1) // 2)
         let s = self.pow([32256]);
-        if s == <Fr as Field>::zero() {
+        if s == <Fr as Field>::zero() { LegendreSymbol::Zero }
-            LegendreSymbol::Zero
+        else if s == <Fr as Field>::one() { LegendreSymbol::QuadraticResidue }
-        } else if s == <Fr as Field>::one() {
+        else { LegendreSymbol::QuadraticNonResidue }
-            LegendreSymbol::QuadraticResidue
-        } else {
-            LegendreSymbol::QuadraticNonResidue
-        }
     }
 
     fn sqrt(&self) -> Option<Self> {
@@ -148,6 +145,12 @@ impl PartialOrd for FrRepr {
     }
 }
 
+impl Rand for FrRepr {
+    fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
+        FrRepr([rng.gen()])
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for FrRepr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> Result<(), fmt::Error> {
         write!(f, "{}", (self.0)[0])
@@ -268,13 +271,10 @@ impl Engine for DummyEngine {
     type Fqk = Fr;
 
     fn miller_loop<'a, I>(i: I) -> Self::Fqk
-    where
+        where I: IntoIterator<Item=&'a (
-        I: IntoIterator<
-            Item = &'a (
                                     &'a <Self::G1Affine as PairingCurveAffine>::Prepared,
-                &'a <Self::G2Affine as PairingCurveAffine>::Prepared,
+                                    &'a <Self::G2Affine as PairingCurveAffine>::Prepared
-            ),
+                               )>
-        >,
     {
         let mut acc = <Fr as Field>::zero();
 
@@ -288,7 +288,8 @@ impl Engine for DummyEngine {
     }
 
     /// Perform final exponentiation of the result of a miller loop.
-    fn final_exponentiation(this: &Self::Fqk) -> Option<Self::Fqk> {
+    fn final_exponentiation(this: &Self::Fqk) -> Option<Self::Fqk>
+    {
         Some(*this)
     }
 }
@@ -299,10 +300,6 @@ impl CurveProjective for Fr {
     type Scalar = Fr;
     type Engine = DummyEngine;
 
-    fn random<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
-        <Fr as Field>::random(rng)
-    }
-
     fn zero() -> Self {
         <Fr as Field>::zero()
     }
@@ -315,7 +312,9 @@ impl CurveProjective for Fr {
         <Fr as Field>::is_zero(self)
     }
 
-    fn batch_normalization(_: &mut [Self]) {}
+    fn batch_normalization(_: &mut [Self]) {
+        
+    }
 
     fn is_normalized(&self) -> bool {
         true
@@ -337,7 +336,8 @@ impl CurveProjective for Fr {
         <Fr as Field>::negate(self);
     }
 
-    fn mul_assign<S: Into<<Self::Scalar as PrimeField>::Repr>>(&mut self, other: S) {
+    fn mul_assign<S: Into<<Self::Scalar as PrimeField>::Repr>>(&mut self, other: S)
+    {
         let tmp = Fr::from_repr(other.into()).unwrap();
 
         <Fr as Field>::mul_assign(self, &tmp);
@@ -419,7 +419,8 @@ impl CurveAffine for Fr {
         <Fr as Field>::negate(self);
     }
 
-    fn mul<S: Into<<Self::Scalar as PrimeField>::Repr>>(&self, other: S) -> Self::Projective {
+    fn mul<S: Into<<Self::Scalar as PrimeField>::Repr>>(&self, other: S) -> Self::Projective
+    {
         let mut res = *self;
         let tmp = Fr::from_repr(other.into()).unwrap();
 

bellman/src/groth16/tests/mod.rs

@@ -6,21 +6,32 @@ use self::dummy_engine::*;
 
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
-use {Circuit, ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
+use ::{
+    Circuit,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    SynthesisError
+};
 
-use super::{create_proof, generate_parameters, prepare_verifying_key, verify_proof};
+use super::{
+    generate_parameters,
+    prepare_verifying_key,
+    create_proof,
+    verify_proof
+};
 
 struct XORDemo<E: Engine> {
     a: Option<bool>,
     b: Option<bool>,
-    _marker: PhantomData<E>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<E>
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for XORDemo<E> {
-    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(self, cs: &mut CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
-        let a_var = cs.alloc(
+        self,
-            || "a",
+        cs: &mut CS
-            || {
+    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+    {
+        let a_var = cs.alloc(|| "a", || {
             if self.a.is_some() {
                 if self.a.unwrap() {
                     Ok(E::Fr::one())
@@ -30,19 +41,16 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for XORDemo<E> {
             } else {
                 Err(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
             }
-            },
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         cs.enforce(
             || "a_boolean_constraint",
             |lc| lc + CS::one() - a_var,
             |lc| lc + a_var,
-            |lc| lc,
+            |lc| lc
         );
 
-        let b_var = cs.alloc(
+        let b_var = cs.alloc(|| "b", || {
-            || "b",
-            || {
             if self.b.is_some() {
                 if self.b.unwrap() {
                     Ok(E::Fr::one())
@@ -52,19 +60,16 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for XORDemo<E> {
             } else {
                 Err(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
             }
-            },
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         cs.enforce(
             || "b_boolean_constraint",
             |lc| lc + CS::one() - b_var,
             |lc| lc + b_var,
-            |lc| lc,
+            |lc| lc
         );
 
-        let c_var = cs.alloc_input(
+        let c_var = cs.alloc_input(|| "c", || {
-            || "c",
-            || {
             if self.a.is_some() && self.b.is_some() {
                 if self.a.unwrap() ^ self.b.unwrap() {
                     Ok(E::Fr::one())
@@ -74,14 +79,13 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for XORDemo<E> {
             } else {
                 Err(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
             }
-            },
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         cs.enforce(
             || "c_xor_constraint",
             |lc| lc + a_var + a_var,
             |lc| lc + b_var,
-            |lc| lc + a_var + b_var - c_var,
+            |lc| lc + a_var + b_var - c_var
         );
 
         Ok(())
@@ -102,10 +106,19 @@ fn test_xordemo() {
         let c = XORDemo::<DummyEngine> {
             a: None,
             b: None,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _marker: PhantomData
         };
 
-        generate_parameters(c, g1, g2, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, tau).unwrap()
+        generate_parameters(
+            c,
+            g1,
+            g2,
+            alpha,
+            beta,
+            gamma,
+            delta,
+            tau
+        ).unwrap()
     };
 
     // This will synthesize the constraint system:
@@ -213,33 +226,30 @@ fn test_xordemo() {
     59158
     */
 
-    let u_i = [59158, 48317, 21767, 10402]
+    let u_i = [59158, 48317, 21767, 10402].iter().map(|e| {
-        .iter()
+        Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", e)).unwrap()
-        .map(|e| Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", e)).unwrap())
+    }).collect::<Vec<Fr>>();
-        .collect::<Vec<Fr>>();
+    let v_i = [0, 0, 60619, 30791].iter().map(|e| {
-    let v_i = [0, 0, 60619, 30791]
+        Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", e)).unwrap()
-        .iter()
+    }).collect::<Vec<Fr>>();
-        .map(|e| Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", e)).unwrap())
+    let w_i = [0, 23320, 41193, 41193].iter().map(|e| {
-        .collect::<Vec<Fr>>();
+        Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", e)).unwrap()
-    let w_i = [0, 23320, 41193, 41193]
+    }).collect::<Vec<Fr>>();
-        .iter()
-        .map(|e| Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", e)).unwrap())
-        .collect::<Vec<Fr>>();
 
-    for (u, a) in u_i.iter().zip(&params.a[..]) {
+    for (u, a) in u_i.iter()
+                     .zip(&params.a[..])
+    {
         assert_eq!(u, a);
     }
 
-    for (v, b) in v_i
+    for (v, b) in v_i.iter()
-        .iter()
                      .filter(|&&e| e != Fr::zero())
                      .zip(&params.b_g1[..])
     {
         assert_eq!(v, b);
     }
 
-    for (v, b) in v_i
+    for (v, b) in v_i.iter()
-        .iter()
                      .filter(|&&e| e != Fr::zero())
                      .zip(&params.b_g2[..])
     {
@@ -286,10 +296,15 @@ fn test_xordemo() {
         let c = XORDemo {
             a: Some(true),
             b: Some(false),
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _marker: PhantomData
         };
 
-        create_proof(c, &params, r, s).unwrap()
+        create_proof(
+            c,
+            &params,
+            r,
+            s
+        ).unwrap()
     };
 
     // A(x) =
@@ -363,10 +378,7 @@ fn test_xordemo() {
         expected_c.add_assign(&params.l[0]);
 
         // H query answer
-        for (i, coeff) in [5040, 11763, 10755, 63633, 128, 9747, 8739]
+        for (i, coeff) in [5040, 11763, 10755, 63633, 128, 9747, 8739].iter().enumerate() {
-            .iter()
-            .enumerate()
-        {
             let coeff = Fr::from_str(&format!("{}", coeff)).unwrap();
 
             let mut tmp = params.h[i];
@@ -377,5 +389,9 @@ fn test_xordemo() {
         assert_eq!(expected_c, proof.c);
     }
 
-    assert!(verify_proof(&pvk, &proof, &[Fr::one()]).unwrap());
+    assert!(verify_proof(
+        &pvk,
+        &proof,
+        &[Fr::one()]
+    ).unwrap());
 }

bellman/src/groth16/verifier.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,20 @@ use ff::PrimeField;
 use group::{CurveAffine, CurveProjective};
 use pairing::{Engine, PairingCurveAffine};
 
-use super::{PreparedVerifyingKey, Proof, VerifyingKey};
+use super::{
+    Proof,
+    VerifyingKey,
+    PreparedVerifyingKey
+};
 
-use SynthesisError;
+use ::{
+    SynthesisError
+};
 
-pub fn prepare_verifying_key<E: Engine>(vk: &VerifyingKey<E>) -> PreparedVerifyingKey<E> {
+pub fn prepare_verifying_key<E: Engine>(
+    vk: &VerifyingKey<E>
+) -> PreparedVerifyingKey<E>
+{
     let mut gamma = vk.gamma_g2;
     gamma.negate();
     let mut delta = vk.delta_g2;
@@ -16,15 +25,16 @@ pub fn prepare_verifying_key<E: Engine>(vk: &VerifyingKey<E>) -> PreparedVerifyi
         alpha_g1_beta_g2: E::pairing(vk.alpha_g1, vk.beta_g2),
         neg_gamma_g2: gamma.prepare(),
         neg_delta_g2: delta.prepare(),
-        ic: vk.ic.clone(),
+        ic: vk.ic.clone()
     }
 }
 
 pub fn verify_proof<'a, E: Engine>(
     pvk: &'a PreparedVerifyingKey<E>,
     proof: &Proof<E>,
-    public_inputs: &[E::Fr],
+    public_inputs: &[E::Fr]
-) -> Result<bool, SynthesisError> {
+) -> Result<bool, SynthesisError>
+{
     if (public_inputs.len() + 1) != pvk.ic.len() {
         return Err(SynthesisError::MalformedVerifyingKey);
     }
@@ -43,14 +53,11 @@ pub fn verify_proof<'a, E: Engine>(
     // A * B + inputs * (-gamma) + C * (-delta) = alpha * beta
     // which allows us to do a single final exponentiation.
 
-    Ok(E::final_exponentiation(&E::miller_loop(
+    Ok(E::final_exponentiation(
-        [
+        &E::miller_loop([
             (&proof.a.prepare(), &proof.b.prepare()),
             (&acc.into_affine().prepare(), &pvk.neg_gamma_g2),
-            (&proof.c.prepare(), &pvk.neg_delta_g2),
+            (&proof.c.prepare(), &pvk.neg_delta_g2)
-        ]
+        ].into_iter())
-        .into_iter(),
+    ).unwrap() == pvk.alpha_g1_beta_g2)
-    ))
-    .unwrap()
-        == pvk.alpha_g1_beta_g2)
 }

bellman/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ extern crate ff;
 extern crate group;
 #[cfg(feature = "pairing")]
 extern crate pairing;
-extern crate rand_core;
+extern crate rand;
 
-extern crate bit_vec;
-extern crate blake2s_simd;
-extern crate byteorder;
 extern crate futures;
+extern crate bit_vec;
+extern crate byteorder;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "multicore")]
 extern crate crossbeam;
@@ -16,33 +15,19 @@ extern crate futures_cpupool;
 #[cfg(feature = "multicore")]
 extern crate num_cpus;
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate hex_literal;
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-extern crate rand;
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-extern crate rand_xorshift;
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-extern crate sha2;
-
-pub mod domain;
-pub mod gadgets;
-#[cfg(feature = "groth16")]
-pub mod groth16;
 pub mod multicore;
 mod multiexp;
+pub mod domain;
+#[cfg(feature = "groth16")]
+pub mod groth16;
 
 use ff::{Field, ScalarEngine};
 
-use std::error::Error;
+use std::ops::{Add, Sub};
 use std::fmt;
+use std::error::Error;
 use std::io;
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
-use std::ops::{Add, Sub};
 
 /// Computations are expressed in terms of arithmetic circuits, in particular
 /// rank-1 quadratic constraint systems. The `Circuit` trait represents a
@@ -50,7 +35,10 @@ use std::ops::{Add, Sub};
 /// CRS generation and during proving.
 pub trait Circuit<E: ScalarEngine> {
     /// Synthesize the circuit into a rank-1 quadratic constraint system
-    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(self, cs: &mut CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>;
+    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
+        self,
+        cs: &mut CS
+    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>;
 }
 
 /// Represents a variable in our constraint system.
@@ -76,7 +64,7 @@ impl Variable {
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
 pub enum Index {
     Input(usize),
-    Aux(usize),
+    Aux(usize)
 }
 
 /// This represents a linear combination of some variables, with coefficients
@@ -203,7 +191,7 @@ pub enum SynthesisError {
     /// During verification, our verifying key was malformed.
     MalformedVerifyingKey,
     /// During CRS generation, we observed an unconstrained auxiliary variable
-    UnconstrainedVariable,
+    UnconstrainedVariable
 }
 
 impl From<io::Error> for SynthesisError {
@@ -215,16 +203,14 @@ impl From<io::Error> for SynthesisError {
 impl Error for SynthesisError {
     fn description(&self) -> &str {
         match *self {
-            SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing => {
+            SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing => "an assignment for a variable could not be computed",
-                "an assignment for a variable could not be computed"
-            }
             SynthesisError::DivisionByZero => "division by zero",
             SynthesisError::Unsatisfiable => "unsatisfiable constraint system",
             SynthesisError::PolynomialDegreeTooLarge => "polynomial degree is too large",
             SynthesisError::UnexpectedIdentity => "encountered an identity element in the CRS",
             SynthesisError::IoError(_) => "encountered an I/O error",
             SynthesisError::MalformedVerifyingKey => "malformed verifying key",
-            SynthesisError::UnconstrainedVariable => "auxiliary variable was unconstrained",
+            SynthesisError::UnconstrainedVariable => "auxiliary variable was unconstrained"
         }
     }
 }
@@ -256,26 +242,32 @@ pub trait ConstraintSystem<E: ScalarEngine>: Sized {
     /// determine the assignment of the variable. The given `annotation` function is invoked
     /// in testing contexts in order to derive a unique name for this variable in the current
     /// namespace.
-    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>;
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>;
 
     /// Allocate a public variable in the constraint system. The provided function is used to
     /// determine the assignment of the variable.
-    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>;
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>;
 
     /// Enforce that `A` * `B` = `C`. The `annotation` function is invoked in testing contexts
     /// in order to derive a unique name for the constraint in the current namespace.
-    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(&mut self, annotation: A, a: LA, b: LB, c: LC)
+    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        annotation: A,
-        AR: Into<String>,
+        a: LA,
+        b: LB,
+        c: LC
+    )
+        where A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>,
               LA: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
               LB: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
               LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>;
@@ -283,9 +275,7 @@ pub trait ConstraintSystem<E: ScalarEngine>: Sized {
     /// Create a new (sub)namespace and enter into it. Not intended
     /// for downstream use; use `namespace` instead.
     fn push_namespace<NR, N>(&mut self, name_fn: N)
-    where
+        where NR: Into<String>, N: FnOnce() -> NR;
-        NR: Into<String>,
-        N: FnOnce() -> NR;
 
     /// Exit out of the existing namespace. Not intended for
     /// downstream use; use `namespace` instead.
@@ -296,10 +286,11 @@ pub trait ConstraintSystem<E: ScalarEngine>: Sized {
     fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root;
 
     /// Begin a namespace for this constraint system.
-    fn namespace<'a, NR, N>(&'a mut self, name_fn: N) -> Namespace<'a, E, Self::Root>
+    fn namespace<'a, NR, N>(
-    where
+        &'a mut self,
-        NR: Into<String>,
+        name_fn: N
-        N: FnOnce() -> NR,
+    ) -> Namespace<'a, E, Self::Root>
+        where NR: Into<String>, N: FnOnce() -> NR
     {
         self.get_root().push_namespace(name_fn);
 
@@ -318,31 +309,37 @@ impl<'cs, E: ScalarEngine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> ConstraintSystem<E> for Name
         CS::one()
     }
 
-    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         self.0.alloc(annotation, f)
     }
 
-    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         self.0.alloc_input(annotation, f)
     }
 
-    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(&mut self, annotation: A, a: LA, b: LB, c: LC)
+    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        annotation: A,
-        AR: Into<String>,
+        a: LA,
+        b: LB,
+        c: LC
+    )
+        where A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>,
               LA: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
               LB: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
-        LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
+              LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>
     {
         self.0.enforce(annotation, a, b, c)
     }
@@ -352,18 +349,18 @@ impl<'cs, E: ScalarEngine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> ConstraintSystem<E> for Name
     // never a root constraint system.
 
     fn push_namespace<NR, N>(&mut self, _: N)
-    where
+        where NR: Into<String>, N: FnOnce() -> NR
-        NR: Into<String>,
-        N: FnOnce() -> NR,
     {
         panic!("only the root's push_namespace should be called");
     }
 
-    fn pop_namespace(&mut self) {
+    fn pop_namespace(&mut self)
+    {
         panic!("only the root's pop_namespace should be called");
     }
 
-    fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root {
+    fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root
+    {
         self.0.get_root()
     }
 }
@@ -383,48 +380,54 @@ impl<'cs, E: ScalarEngine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> ConstraintSystem<E> for &'cs
         CS::one()
     }
 
-    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         (**self).alloc(annotation, f)
     }
 
-    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         (**self).alloc_input(annotation, f)
     }
 
-    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(&mut self, annotation: A, a: LA, b: LB, c: LC)
+    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        annotation: A,
-        AR: Into<String>,
+        a: LA,
+        b: LB,
+        c: LC
+    )
+        where A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>,
               LA: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
               LB: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
-        LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
+              LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>
     {
         (**self).enforce(annotation, a, b, c)
     }
 
     fn push_namespace<NR, N>(&mut self, name_fn: N)
-    where
+        where NR: Into<String>, N: FnOnce() -> NR
-        NR: Into<String>,
-        N: FnOnce() -> NR,
     {
         (**self).push_namespace(name_fn)
     }
 
-    fn pop_namespace(&mut self) {
+    fn pop_namespace(&mut self)
+    {
         (**self).pop_namespace()
     }
 
-    fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root {
+    fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root
+    {
         (**self).get_root()
     }
 }

bellman/src/multicore.rs

@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@
 
 #[cfg(feature = "multicore")]
 mod implementation {
-    use crossbeam::{self, Scope};
-    use futures::{Future, IntoFuture, Poll};
-    use futures_cpupool::{CpuFuture, CpuPool};
     use num_cpus;
+    use futures::{Future, IntoFuture, Poll};
+    use futures_cpupool::{CpuPool, CpuFuture};
+    use crossbeam::{self, Scope};
 
     #[derive(Clone)]
     pub struct Worker {
         cpus: usize,
-        pool: CpuPool,
+        pool: CpuPool
     }
 
     impl Worker {
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ mod implementation {
         pub(crate) fn new_with_cpus(cpus: usize) -> Worker {
             Worker {
                 cpus: cpus,
-                pool: CpuPool::new(cpus),
+                pool: CpuPool::new(cpus)
             }
         }
 
@@ -36,22 +36,26 @@ mod implementation {
             log2_floor(self.cpus)
         }
 
-        pub fn compute<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> WorkerFuture<R::Item, R::Error>
+        pub fn compute<F, R>(
-        where
+            &self, f: F
-            F: FnOnce() -> R + Send + 'static,
+        ) -> WorkerFuture<R::Item, R::Error>
+            where F: FnOnce() -> R + Send + 'static,
                 R: IntoFuture + 'static,
                 R::Future: Send + 'static,
                 R::Item: Send + 'static,
-            R::Error: Send + 'static,
+                R::Error: Send + 'static
         {
             WorkerFuture {
-                future: self.pool.spawn_fn(f),
+                future: self.pool.spawn_fn(f)
             }
         }
 
-        pub fn scope<'a, F, R>(&self, elements: usize, f: F) -> R
+        pub fn scope<'a, F, R>(
-        where
+            &self,
-            F: FnOnce(&Scope<'a>, usize) -> R,
+            elements: usize,
+            f: F
+        ) -> R
+            where F: FnOnce(&Scope<'a>, usize) -> R
         {
             let chunk_size = if elements < self.cpus {
                 1
@@ -59,19 +63,22 @@ mod implementation {
                 elements / self.cpus
             };
 
-            crossbeam::scope(|scope| f(scope, chunk_size))
+            crossbeam::scope(|scope| {
+                f(scope, chunk_size)
+            })
         }
     }
 
     pub struct WorkerFuture<T, E> {
-        future: CpuFuture<T, E>,
+        future: CpuFuture<T, E>
     }
 
     impl<T: Send + 'static, E: Send + 'static> Future for WorkerFuture<T, E> {
         type Item = T;
         type Error = E;
 
-        fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error> {
+        fn poll(&mut self) -> Poll<Self::Item, Self::Error>
+        {
             self.future.poll()
         }
     }

bellman/src/multiexp.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-use super::multicore::Worker;
-use bit_vec::{self, BitVec};
 use ff::{Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr, ScalarEngine};
-use futures::Future;
 use group::{CurveAffine, CurveProjective};
-use std::io;
-use std::iter;
 use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::io;
+use bit_vec::{self, BitVec};
+use std::iter;
+use futures::{Future};
+use super::multicore::Worker;
 
 use super::SynthesisError;
 
@@ -19,10 +19,7 @@ pub trait SourceBuilder<G: CurveAffine>: Send + Sync + 'static + Clone {
 /// A source of bases, like an iterator.
 pub trait Source<G: CurveAffine> {
     /// Parses the element from the source. Fails if the point is at infinity.
-    fn add_assign_mixed(
+    fn add_assign_mixed(&mut self, to: &mut <G as CurveAffine>::Projective) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>;
-        &mut self,
-        to: &mut <G as CurveAffine>::Projective,
-    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>;
 
     /// Skips `amt` elements from the source, avoiding deserialization.
     fn skip(&mut self, amt: usize) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>;
@@ -37,20 +34,13 @@ impl<G: CurveAffine> SourceBuilder<G> for (Arc<Vec<G>>, usize) {
 }
 
 impl<G: CurveAffine> Source<G> for (Arc<Vec<G>>, usize) {
-    fn add_assign_mixed(
+    fn add_assign_mixed(&mut self, to: &mut <G as CurveAffine>::Projective) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
-        &mut self,
-        to: &mut <G as CurveAffine>::Projective,
-    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
         if self.0.len() <= self.1 {
-            return Err(io::Error::new(
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof, "expected more bases from source").into());
-                io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
-                "expected more bases from source",
-            )
-            .into());
         }
 
         if self.0[self.1].is_zero() {
-            return Err(SynthesisError::UnexpectedIdentity);
+            return Err(SynthesisError::UnexpectedIdentity)
         }
 
         to.add_assign_mixed(&self.0[self.1]);
@@ -62,11 +52,7 @@ impl<G: CurveAffine> Source<G> for (Arc<Vec<G>>, usize) {
 
     fn skip(&mut self, amt: usize) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
         if self.0.len() <= self.1 {
-            return Err(io::Error::new(
+            return Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof, "expected more bases from source").into());
-                io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof,
-                "expected more bases from source",
-            )
-            .into());
         }
 
         self.1 += amt;
@@ -106,7 +92,7 @@ impl<'a> QueryDensity for &'a FullDensity {
 
 pub struct DensityTracker {
     bv: BitVec,
-    total_density: usize,
+    total_density: usize
 }
 
 impl<'a> QueryDensity for &'a DensityTracker {
@@ -125,7 +111,7 @@ impl DensityTracker {
     pub fn new() -> DensityTracker {
         DensityTracker {
             bv: BitVec::new(),
-            total_density: 0,
+            total_density: 0
         }
     }
 
@@ -152,13 +138,12 @@ fn multiexp_inner<Q, D, G, S>(
     exponents: Arc<Vec<<<G::Engine as ScalarEngine>::Fr as PrimeField>::Repr>>,
     mut skip: u32,
     c: u32,
-    handle_trivial: bool,
+    handle_trivial: bool
 ) -> Box<Future<Item=<G as CurveAffine>::Projective, Error=SynthesisError>>
-where
+    where for<'a> &'a Q: QueryDensity,
-    for<'a> &'a Q: QueryDensity,
           D: Send + Sync + 'static + Clone + AsRef<Q>,
           G: CurveAffine,
-    S: SourceBuilder<G>,
+          S: SourceBuilder<G>
 {
     // Perform this region of the multiexp
     let this = {
@@ -227,15 +212,7 @@ where
         // There's another region more significant. Calculate and join it with
         // this region recursively.
         Box::new(
-            this.join(multiexp_inner(
+            this.join(multiexp_inner(pool, bases, density_map, exponents, skip, c, false))
-                pool,
-                bases,
-                density_map,
-                exponents,
-                skip,
-                c,
-                false,
-            ))
                 .map(move |(this, mut higher)| {
                     for _ in 0..c {
                         higher.double();
@@ -244,7 +221,7 @@ where
                     higher.add_assign(&this);
 
                     higher
-            }),
+                })
         )
     }
 }
@@ -255,13 +232,12 @@ pub fn multiexp<Q, D, G, S>(
     pool: &Worker,
     bases: S,
     density_map: D,
-    exponents: Arc<Vec<<<G::Engine as ScalarEngine>::Fr as PrimeField>::Repr>>,
+    exponents: Arc<Vec<<<G::Engine as ScalarEngine>::Fr as PrimeField>::Repr>>
 ) -> Box<Future<Item=<G as CurveAffine>::Projective, Error=SynthesisError>>
-where
+    where for<'a> &'a Q: QueryDensity,
-    for<'a> &'a Q: QueryDensity,
           D: Send + Sync + 'static + Clone + AsRef<Q>,
           G: CurveAffine,
-    S: SourceBuilder<G>,
+          S: SourceBuilder<G>
 {
     let c = if exponents.len() < 32 {
         3u32
@@ -284,8 +260,9 @@ where
 fn test_with_bls12() {
     fn naive_multiexp<G: CurveAffine>(
         bases: Arc<Vec<G>>,
-        exponents: Arc<Vec<<G::Scalar as PrimeField>::Repr>>,
+        exponents: Arc<Vec<<G::Scalar as PrimeField>::Repr>>
-    ) -> G::Projective {
+    ) -> G::Projective
+    {
         assert_eq!(bases.len(), exponents.len());
 
         let mut acc = G::Projective::zero();
@@ -297,28 +274,25 @@ fn test_with_bls12() {
         acc
     }
 
+    use rand::{self, Rand};
     use pairing::{bls12_381::Bls12, Engine};
-    use rand;
 
     const SAMPLES: usize = 1 << 14;
 
     let rng = &mut rand::thread_rng();
-    let v = Arc::new(
+    let v = Arc::new((0..SAMPLES).map(|_| <Bls12 as ScalarEngine>::Fr::rand(rng).into_repr()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-        (0..SAMPLES)
+    let g = Arc::new((0..SAMPLES).map(|_| <Bls12 as Engine>::G1::rand(rng).into_affine()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-            .map(|_| <Bls12 as ScalarEngine>::Fr::random(rng).into_repr())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    );
-    let g = Arc::new(
-        (0..SAMPLES)
-            .map(|_| <Bls12 as Engine>::G1::random(rng).into_affine())
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    );
 
     let naive = naive_multiexp(g.clone(), v.clone());
 
     let pool = Worker::new();
 
-    let fast = multiexp(&pool, (g, 0), FullDensity, v).wait().unwrap();
+    let fast = multiexp(
+        &pool,
+        (g, 0),
+        FullDensity,
+        v
+    ).wait().unwrap();
 
     assert_eq!(naive, fast);
 }

bellman/tests/mimc.rs

@@ -4,24 +4,34 @@ extern crate pairing;
 extern crate rand;
 
 // For randomness (during paramgen and proof generation)
-use rand::thread_rng;
+use rand::{thread_rng, Rng};
 
 // For benchmarking
 use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
 
 // Bring in some tools for using pairing-friendly curves
-use ff::{Field, ScalarEngine};
+use ff::Field;
 use pairing::Engine;
 
 // We're going to use the BLS12-381 pairing-friendly elliptic curve.
-use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
+use pairing::bls12_381::{
+    Bls12
+};
 
 // We'll use these interfaces to construct our circuit.
-use bellman::{Circuit, ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
+use bellman::{
+    Circuit,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    SynthesisError
+};
 
 // We're going to use the Groth16 proving system.
 use bellman::groth16::{
-    create_random_proof, generate_random_parameters, prepare_verifying_key, verify_proof, Proof,
+    Proof,
+    generate_random_parameters,
+    prepare_verifying_key,
+    create_random_proof,
+    verify_proof,
 };
 
 const MIMC_ROUNDS: usize = 322;
@@ -39,7 +49,12 @@ const MIMC_ROUNDS: usize = 322;
 ///     return xL
 /// }
 /// ```
-fn mimc<E: Engine>(mut xl: E::Fr, mut xr: E::Fr, constants: &[E::Fr]) -> E::Fr {
+fn mimc<E: Engine>(
+    mut xl: E::Fr,
+    mut xr: E::Fr,
+    constants: &[E::Fr]
+) -> E::Fr
+{
     assert_eq!(constants.len(), MIMC_ROUNDS);
 
     for i in 0..MIMC_ROUNDS {
@@ -61,29 +76,31 @@ fn mimc<E: Engine>(mut xl: E::Fr, mut xr: E::Fr, constants: &[E::Fr]) -> E::Fr {
 struct MiMCDemo<'a, E: Engine> {
     xl: Option<E::Fr>,
     xr: Option<E::Fr>,
-    constants: &'a [E::Fr],
+    constants: &'a [E::Fr]
 }
 
 /// Our demo circuit implements this `Circuit` trait which
 /// is used during paramgen and proving in order to
 /// synthesize the constraint system.
 impl<'a, E: Engine> Circuit<E> for MiMCDemo<'a, E> {
-    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(self, cs: &mut CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
+        self,
+        cs: &mut CS
+    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+    {
         assert_eq!(self.constants.len(), MIMC_ROUNDS);
 
         // Allocate the first component of the preimage.
         let mut xl_value = self.xl;
-        let mut xl = cs.alloc(
+        let mut xl = cs.alloc(|| "preimage xl", || {
-            || "preimage xl",
+            xl_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
-            || xl_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         // Allocate the second component of the preimage.
         let mut xr_value = self.xr;
-        let mut xr = cs.alloc(
+        let mut xr = cs.alloc(|| "preimage xr", || {
-            || "preimage xr",
+            xr_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
-            || xr_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         for i in 0..MIMC_ROUNDS {
             // xL, xR := xR + (xL + Ci)^3, xL
@@ -95,16 +112,15 @@ impl<'a, E: Engine> Circuit<E> for MiMCDemo<'a, E> {
                 e.square();
                 e
             });
-            let mut tmp = cs.alloc(
+            let mut tmp = cs.alloc(|| "tmp", || {
-                || "tmp",
+                tmp_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
-                || tmp_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
+            })?;
-            )?;
 
             cs.enforce(
                 || "tmp = (xL + Ci)^2",
                 |lc| lc + xl + (self.constants[i], CS::one()),
                 |lc| lc + xl + (self.constants[i], CS::one()),
-                |lc| lc + tmp,
+                |lc| lc + tmp
             );
 
             // new_xL = xR + (xL + Ci)^3
@@ -120,22 +136,20 @@ impl<'a, E: Engine> Circuit<E> for MiMCDemo<'a, E> {
             let mut new_xl = if i == (MIMC_ROUNDS-1) {
                 // This is the last round, xL is our image and so
                 // we allocate a public input.
-                cs.alloc_input(
+                cs.alloc_input(|| "image", || {
-                    || "image",
+                    new_xl_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
-                    || new_xl_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
+                })?
-                )?
             } else {
-                cs.alloc(
+                cs.alloc(|| "new_xl", || {
-                    || "new_xl",
+                    new_xl_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
-                    || new_xl_value.ok_or(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
+                })?
-                )?
             };
 
             cs.enforce(
                 || "new_xL = xR + (xL + Ci)^3",
                 |lc| lc + tmp,
                 |lc| lc + xl + (self.constants[i], CS::one()),
-                |lc| lc + new_xl - xr,
+                |lc| lc + new_xl - xr
             );
 
             // xR = xL
@@ -158,9 +172,7 @@ fn test_mimc() {
     let rng = &mut thread_rng();
 
     // Generate the MiMC round constants
-    let constants = (0..MIMC_ROUNDS)
+    let constants = (0..MIMC_ROUNDS).map(|_| rng.gen()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        .map(|_| <Bls12 as ScalarEngine>::Fr::random(rng))
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
     println!("Creating parameters...");
 
@@ -169,7 +181,7 @@ fn test_mimc() {
         let c = MiMCDemo::<Bls12> {
             xl: None,
             xr: None,
-            constants: &constants,
+            constants: &constants
         };
 
         generate_random_parameters(c, rng).unwrap()
@@ -191,8 +203,8 @@ fn test_mimc() {
 
     for _ in 0..SAMPLES {
         // Generate a random preimage and compute the image
-        let xl = <Bls12 as ScalarEngine>::Fr::random(rng);
+        let xl = rng.gen();
-        let xr = <Bls12 as ScalarEngine>::Fr::random(rng);
+        let xr = rng.gen();
         let image = mimc::<Bls12>(xl, xr, &constants);
 
         proof_vec.truncate(0);
@@ -204,7 +216,7 @@ fn test_mimc() {
             let c = MiMCDemo {
                 xl: Some(xl),
                 xr: Some(xr),
-                constants: &constants,
+                constants: &constants
             };
 
             // Create a groth16 proof with our parameters.
@@ -218,16 +230,20 @@ fn test_mimc() {
         let start = Instant::now();
         let proof = Proof::read(&proof_vec[..]).unwrap();
         // Check the proof
-        assert!(verify_proof(&pvk, &proof, &[image]).unwrap());
+        assert!(verify_proof(
+            &pvk,
+            &proof,
+            &[image]
+        ).unwrap());
         total_verifying += start.elapsed();
     }
     let proving_avg = total_proving / SAMPLES;
-    let proving_avg =
+    let proving_avg = proving_avg.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000f64
-        proving_avg.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000f64 + (proving_avg.as_secs() as f64);
+                      + (proving_avg.as_secs() as f64);
 
     let verifying_avg = total_verifying / SAMPLES;
-    let verifying_avg =
+    let verifying_avg = verifying_avg.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000f64
-        verifying_avg.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000f64 + (verifying_avg.as_secs() as f64);
+                      + (verifying_avg.as_secs() as f64);
 
     println!("Average proving time: {:?} seconds", proving_avg);
     println!("Average verifying time: {:?} seconds", verifying_avg);

ff/Cargo.toml

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ repository = "https://github.com/ebfull/ff"
 
 [dependencies]
 byteorder = "1"
+rand = "0.4"
 ff_derive = { version = "0.3.0", path = "ff_derive", optional = true }
-rand_core = "0.5"
 
 [features]
 default = []

ff/ff_derive/src/lib.rs

@@ -52,8 +52,13 @@ pub fn prime_field(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
 
     let mut gen = proc_macro2::TokenStream::new();
 
-    let (constants_impl, sqrt_impl) =
+    let (constants_impl, sqrt_impl) = prime_field_constants_and_sqrt(
-        prime_field_constants_and_sqrt(&ast.ident, &repr_ident, modulus, limbs, generator);
+        &ast.ident,
+        &repr_ident,
+        modulus,
+        limbs,
+        generator,
+    );
 
     gen.extend(constants_impl);
     gen.extend(prime_field_repr_impl(&repr_ident, limbs));
@@ -131,6 +136,13 @@ fn prime_field_repr_impl(repr: &syn::Ident, limbs: usize) -> proc_macro2::TokenS
             }
         }
 
+        impl ::rand::Rand for #repr {
+            #[inline(always)]
+            fn rand<R: ::rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
+                #repr(rng.gen())
+            }
+        }
+
         impl ::std::fmt::Display for #repr {
             fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
                 try!(write!(f, "0x"));
@@ -354,8 +366,7 @@ fn biguint_num_bits(mut v: BigUint) -> u32 {
 fn exp(base: BigUint, exp: &BigUint, modulus: &BigUint) -> BigUint {
     let mut ret = BigUint::one();
 
-    for i in exp
+    for i in exp.to_bytes_be()
-        .to_bytes_be()
         .into_iter()
         .flat_map(|x| (0..8).rev().map(move |i| (x >> i).is_odd()))
     {
@@ -376,13 +387,11 @@ fn test_exp() {
             &BigUint::from_str("5489673498567349856734895").unwrap(),
             &BigUint::from_str(
                 "52435875175126190479447740508185965837690552500527637822603658699938581184513"
-            )
+            ).unwrap()
-            .unwrap()
         ),
         BigUint::from_str(
             "4371221214068404307866768905142520595925044802278091865033317963560480051536"
-        )
+        ).unwrap()
-        .unwrap()
     );
 }
 
@@ -534,8 +543,7 @@ fn prime_field_constants_and_sqrt(
     }
     inv = inv.wrapping_neg();
 
-    (
+    (quote! {
-        quote! {
         /// This is the modulus m of the prime field
         const MODULUS: #repr = #repr([#(#modulus,)*]);
 
@@ -564,9 +572,7 @@ fn prime_field_constants_and_sqrt(
 
         /// 2^s root of unity computed by GENERATOR^t
         const ROOT_OF_UNITY: #repr = #repr(#root_of_unity);
-        },
+    }, sqrt_impl)
-        sqrt_impl,
-    )
 }
 
 /// Implement PrimeField for the derived type.
@@ -833,6 +839,22 @@ fn prime_field_impl(
             }
         }
 
+        impl ::rand::Rand for #name {
+            /// Computes a uniformly random element using rejection sampling.
+            fn rand<R: ::rand::Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
+                loop {
+                    let mut tmp = #name(#repr::rand(rng));
+
+                    // Mask away the unused bits at the beginning.
+                    tmp.0.as_mut()[#top_limb_index] &= 0xffffffffffffffff >> REPR_SHAVE_BITS;
+
+                    if tmp.is_valid() {
+                        return tmp
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         impl From<#name> for #repr {
             fn from(e: #name) -> #repr {
                 e.into_repr()
@@ -882,26 +904,6 @@ fn prime_field_impl(
         }
 
         impl ::ff::Field for #name {
-            /// Computes a uniformly random element using rejection sampling.
-            fn random<R: ::rand_core::RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
-                loop {
-                    let mut tmp = {
-                        let mut repr = [0u64; #limbs];
-                        for i in 0..#limbs {
-                            repr[i] = rng.next_u64();
-                        }
-                        #name(#repr(repr))
-                    };
-
-                    // Mask away the unused most-significant bits.
-                    tmp.0.as_mut()[#top_limb_index] &= 0xffffffffffffffff >> REPR_SHAVE_BITS;
-
-                    if tmp.is_valid() {
-                        return tmp
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
             #[inline]
             fn zero() -> Self {
                 #name(#repr::from(0))

ff/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #![allow(unused_imports)]
 
 extern crate byteorder;
-extern crate rand_core;
+extern crate rand;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 #[macro_use]
@@ -10,18 +10,14 @@ extern crate ff_derive;
 #[cfg(feature = "derive")]
 pub use ff_derive::*;
 
-use rand_core::RngCore;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
 
 /// This trait represents an element of a field.
 pub trait Field:
-    Sized + Eq + Copy + Clone + Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static
+    Sized + Eq + Copy + Clone + Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static + rand::Rand
 {
-    /// Returns an element chosen uniformly at random using a user-provided RNG.
-    fn random<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self;
-
     /// Returns the zero element of the field, the additive identity.
     fn zero() -> Self;
 
@@ -104,6 +100,7 @@ pub trait PrimeFieldRepr:
     + fmt::Debug
     + fmt::Display
     + 'static
+    + rand::Rand
     + AsRef<[u64]>
     + AsMut<[u64]>
     + From<u64>

group/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 name = "group"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = [
+    "The Hush Developers",
     "Sean Bowe <ewillbefull@gmail.com>",
     "Jack Grigg <jack@z.cash>",
 ]
@@ -14,5 +15,4 @@ repository = "https://github.com/ebfull/group"
 
 [dependencies]
 ff = { path = "../ff" }
-rand = "0.7"
+rand = "0.4"
-rand_xorshift = "0.2"

group/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 extern crate ff;
 extern crate rand;
-extern crate rand_xorshift;
 
 use ff::{PrimeField, PrimeFieldDecodingError, ScalarEngine, SqrtField};
-use rand::RngCore;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fmt;
 
@@ -15,16 +13,23 @@ pub use self::wnaf::Wnaf;
 /// Projective representation of an elliptic curve point guaranteed to be
 /// in the correct prime order subgroup.
 pub trait CurveProjective:
-    PartialEq + Eq + Sized + Copy + Clone + Send + Sync + fmt::Debug + fmt::Display + 'static
+    PartialEq
+    + Eq
+    + Sized
+    + Copy
+    + Clone
+    + Send
+    + Sync
+    + fmt::Debug
+    + fmt::Display
+    + rand::Rand
+    + 'static
 {
     type Engine: ScalarEngine<Fr = Self::Scalar>;
     type Scalar: PrimeField + SqrtField;
     type Base: SqrtField;
     type Affine: CurveAffine<Projective = Self, Scalar = Self::Scalar>;
 
-    /// Returns an element chosen uniformly at random using a user-provided RNG.
-    fn random<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self;
-
     /// Returns the additive identity.
     fn zero() -> Self;
 

group/src/tests/mod.rs

@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
-use ff::{Field, PrimeField};
+use rand::{Rand, Rng, SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-use rand::SeedableRng;
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 use {CurveAffine, CurveProjective, EncodedPoint};
 
 pub fn curve_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     // Negation edge case with zero.
     {
@@ -26,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn curve_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 
     // Addition edge cases with zero
     {
-        let mut r = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut r = G::rand(&mut rng);
         let rcopy = r;
         r.add_assign(&G::zero());
         assert_eq!(r, rcopy);
@@ -50,10 +45,9 @@ pub fn curve_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 
     // Transformations
     {
-        let a = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = G::rand(&mut rng);
         let b = a.into_affine().into_projective();
-        let c = a
+        let c = a.into_affine()
-            .into_affine()
             .into_projective()
             .into_affine()
             .into_projective();
@@ -71,12 +65,11 @@ pub fn curve_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 }
 
 fn random_wnaf_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
+    use ff::PrimeField;
+
     use wnaf::*;
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     {
         let mut table = vec![];
@@ -84,8 +77,8 @@ fn random_wnaf_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 
         for w in 2..14 {
             for _ in 0..100 {
-                let g = G::random(&mut rng);
+                let g = G::rand(&mut rng);
-                let s = G::Scalar::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+                let s = G::Scalar::rand(&mut rng).into_repr();
                 let mut g1 = g;
                 g1.mul_assign(s);
 
@@ -102,8 +95,8 @@ fn random_wnaf_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
         fn only_compiles_if_send<S: Send>(_: &S) {}
 
         for _ in 0..100 {
-            let g = G::random(&mut rng);
+            let g = G::rand(&mut rng);
-            let s = G::Scalar::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+            let s = G::Scalar::rand(&mut rng).into_repr();
             let mut g1 = g;
             g1.mul_assign(s);
 
@@ -136,8 +129,7 @@ fn random_wnaf_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
                 let mut wnaf = Wnaf::new();
                 {
                     // Populate the vectors.
-                    wnaf.base(G::random(&mut rng), 1)
+                    wnaf.base(rng.gen(), 1).scalar(rng.gen());
-                        .scalar(G::Scalar::random(&mut rng).into_repr());
                 }
                 wnaf.base(g, 1).scalar(s)
             };
@@ -145,8 +137,7 @@ fn random_wnaf_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
                 let mut wnaf = Wnaf::new();
                 {
                     // Populate the vectors.
-                    wnaf.base(G::random(&mut rng), 1)
+                    wnaf.base(rng.gen(), 1).scalar(rng.gen());
-                        .scalar(G::Scalar::random(&mut rng).into_repr());
                 }
                 wnaf.scalar(s).base(g)
             };
@@ -154,8 +145,7 @@ fn random_wnaf_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
                 let mut wnaf = Wnaf::new();
                 {
                     // Populate the vectors.
-                    wnaf.base(G::random(&mut rng), 1)
+                    wnaf.base(rng.gen(), 1).scalar(rng.gen());
-                        .scalar(G::Scalar::random(&mut rng).into_repr());
                 }
                 let mut shared = wnaf.base(g, 1).shared();
 
@@ -167,8 +157,7 @@ fn random_wnaf_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
                 let mut wnaf = Wnaf::new();
                 {
                     // Populate the vectors.
-                    wnaf.base(G::random(&mut rng), 1)
+                    wnaf.base(rng.gen(), 1).scalar(rng.gen());
-                        .scalar(G::Scalar::random(&mut rng).into_repr());
                 }
                 let mut shared = wnaf.scalar(s).shared();
 
@@ -190,15 +179,14 @@ fn random_wnaf_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 }
 
 fn random_negation_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    use ff::Field;
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
+
-        0xe5,
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let r = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let r = G::rand(&mut rng);
 
-        let s = G::Scalar::random(&mut rng);
+        let s = G::Scalar::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut sneg = s;
         sneg.negate();
 
@@ -222,14 +210,11 @@ fn random_negation_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 }
 
 fn random_doubling_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut a = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = G::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut b = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut b = G::rand(&mut rng);
 
         // 2(a + b)
         let mut tmp1 = a;
@@ -252,18 +237,15 @@ fn random_doubling_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 }
 
 fn random_multiplication_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut a = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = G::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut b = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut b = G::rand(&mut rng);
         let a_affine = a.into_affine();
         let b_affine = b.into_affine();
 
-        let s = G::Scalar::random(&mut rng);
+        let s = G::Scalar::rand(&mut rng);
 
         // s ( a + b )
         let mut tmp1 = a;
@@ -287,15 +269,12 @@ fn random_multiplication_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 }
 
 fn random_addition_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let a = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = G::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = G::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let c = G::rand(&mut rng);
         let a_affine = a.into_affine();
         let b_affine = b.into_affine();
         let c_affine = c.into_affine();
@@ -368,13 +347,10 @@ fn random_addition_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 }
 
 fn random_transformation_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let g = G::random(&mut rng);
+        let g = G::rand(&mut rng);
         let g_affine = g.into_affine();
         let g_projective = g_affine.into_projective();
         assert_eq!(g, g_projective);
@@ -382,25 +358,24 @@ fn random_transformation_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 
     // Batch normalization
     for _ in 0..10 {
-        let mut v = (0..1000).map(|_| G::random(&mut rng)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let mut v = (0..1000).map(|_| G::rand(&mut rng)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         for i in &v {
             assert!(!i.is_normalized());
         }
 
-        use rand::distributions::{Distribution, Uniform};
+        use rand::distributions::{IndependentSample, Range};
-        let between = Uniform::new(0, 1000);
+        let between = Range::new(0, 1000);
         // Sprinkle in some normalized points
         for _ in 0..5 {
-            v[between.sample(&mut rng)] = G::zero();
+            v[between.ind_sample(&mut rng)] = G::zero();
         }
         for _ in 0..5 {
-            let s = between.sample(&mut rng);
+            let s = between.ind_sample(&mut rng);
             v[s] = v[s].into_affine().into_projective();
         }
 
-        let expected_v = v
+        let expected_v = v.iter()
-            .iter()
             .map(|v| v.into_affine().into_projective())
             .collect::<Vec<_>>();
         G::batch_normalization(&mut v);
@@ -414,10 +389,7 @@ fn random_transformation_tests<G: CurveProjective>() {
 }
 
 fn random_encoding_tests<G: CurveAffine>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     assert_eq!(
         G::zero().into_uncompressed().into_affine().unwrap(),
@@ -430,7 +402,7 @@ fn random_encoding_tests<G: CurveAffine>() {
     );
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut r = G::Projective::random(&mut rng).into_affine();
+        let mut r = G::Projective::rand(&mut rng).into_affine();
 
         let uncompressed = r.into_uncompressed();
         let de_uncompressed = uncompressed.into_affine().unwrap();

librustzcash/Cargo.toml

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 name = "librustzcash"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = [
+    "The Hush Developers",
     "Sean Bowe <ewillbefull@gmail.com>",
     "Jack Grigg <jack@z.cash>",
     "Jay Graber <jay@z.cash>",
@@ -15,14 +16,17 @@ crate-type = ["staticlib"]
 
 [dependencies]
 bellman = { path = "../bellman" }
-blake2b_simd = "0.5"
-blake2s_simd = "0.5"
 ff = { path = "../ff" }
 libc = "0.2"
 pairing = { path = "../pairing" }
 lazy_static = "1"
 byteorder = "1"
-rand_core = "0.5"
+rand = "0.4"
-rand_os = "0.2"
+sapling-crypto = { path = "../sapling-crypto" }
 zcash_primitives = { path = "../zcash_primitives" }
 zcash_proofs = { path = "../zcash_proofs" }
+zip32 = { path = "../zip32" }
+
+[dependencies.blake2-rfc]
+git = "https://git.hush.is/hush/blake2-rfc"
+rev = "a3adc1d6859b887457c6ae4821ddad1802dad784"

librustzcash/src/equihash.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use blake2b_simd::{Hash as Blake2bHash, Params as Blake2bParams, State as Blake2bState};
+use blake2_rfc::blake2b::{Blake2b, Blake2bResult};
 use byteorder::{BigEndian, LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt, WriteBytesExt};
 use std::io::Cursor;
 use std::mem::size_of;
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ impl Params {
 }
 
 impl Node {
-    fn new(p: &Params, state: &Blake2bState, i: u32) -> Self {
+    fn new(p: &Params, state: &Blake2b, i: u32) -> Self {
         let hash = generate_hash(state, i / p.indices_per_hash_output());
         let start = ((i % p.indices_per_hash_output()) * p.n / 8) as usize;
         let end = start + (p.n as usize) / 8;
@@ -99,18 +99,15 @@ impl Node {
     }
 }
 
-fn initialise_state(n: u32, k: u32, digest_len: u8) -> Blake2bState {
+fn initialise_state(n: u32, k: u32, digest_len: u8) -> Blake2b {
     let mut personalization: Vec<u8> = Vec::from("ZcashPoW");
     personalization.write_u32::<LittleEndian>(n).unwrap();
     personalization.write_u32::<LittleEndian>(k).unwrap();
 
-    Blake2bParams::new()
+    Blake2b::with_params(digest_len as usize, &[], &[], &personalization)
-        .hash_length(digest_len as usize)
-        .personal(&personalization)
-        .to_state()
 }
 
-fn generate_hash(base_state: &Blake2bState, i: u32) -> Blake2bHash {
+fn generate_hash(base_state: &Blake2b, i: u32) -> Blake2bResult {
     let mut lei = [0u8; 4];
     (&mut lei[..]).write_u32::<LittleEndian>(i).unwrap();
 
@@ -252,7 +249,7 @@ pub fn is_valid_solution_iterative(
     return rows[0].is_zero(hash_len);
 }
 
-fn tree_validator(p: &Params, state: &Blake2bState, indices: &[u32]) -> Option<Node> {
+fn tree_validator(p: &Params, state: &Blake2b, indices: &[u32]) -> Option<Node> {
     if indices.len() > 1 {
         let end = indices.len();
         let mid = end / 2;

librustzcash/src/rustzcash.rs

@@ -1,46 +1,47 @@
 extern crate bellman;
-extern crate blake2b_simd;
+extern crate blake2_rfc;
-extern crate blake2s_simd;
 extern crate byteorder;
 extern crate ff;
 extern crate libc;
 extern crate pairing;
-extern crate rand_core;
+extern crate rand;
-extern crate rand_os;
+extern crate sapling_crypto;
 extern crate zcash_primitives;
 extern crate zcash_proofs;
+extern crate zip32;
 
 extern crate lazy_static;
 
-use ff::{PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
+use ff::{BitIterator, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
 use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr, FrRepr};
 
-use zcash_primitives::{
+use sapling_crypto::{
+    circuit::multipack,
     constants::CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION,
     jubjub::{
         edwards,
         fs::{Fs, FsRepr},
         FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams, PrimeOrder, ToUniform, Unknown,
     },
+    pedersen_hash::{pedersen_hash, Personalization},
+    redjubjub::{self, Signature},
 };
 
-use zcash_proofs::circuit::sapling::TREE_DEPTH as SAPLING_TREE_DEPTH;
+use sapling_crypto::circuit::sapling::TREE_DEPTH as SAPLING_TREE_DEPTH;
-use zcash_proofs::circuit::sprout::{self, TREE_DEPTH as SPROUT_TREE_DEPTH};
+use sapling_crypto::circuit::sprout::{self, TREE_DEPTH as SPROUT_TREE_DEPTH};
 
-use bellman::gadgets::multipack;
 use bellman::groth16::{
     create_random_proof, verify_proof, Parameters, PreparedVerifyingKey, Proof,
 };
 
-use blake2s_simd::Params as Blake2sParams;
+use blake2_rfc::blake2s::Blake2s;
 
 use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt, WriteBytesExt};
 
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::{OsRng, Rng};
-use rand_os::OsRng;
 use std::io::BufReader;
 
-use libc::{c_char, c_uchar, size_t};
+use libc::{c_char, c_uchar, int64_t, size_t, uint32_t, uint64_t};
 use std::ffi::CStr;
 use std::fs::File;
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
@@ -56,18 +57,11 @@ use std::ffi::OsString;
 #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
 use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStringExt;
 
-use zcash_primitives::{
+use sapling_crypto::primitives::{ProofGenerationKey, ViewingKey};
-    merkle_tree::CommitmentTreeWitness,
+use zcash_primitives::{note_encryption::sapling_ka_agree, sapling::spend_sig, JUBJUB};
-    note_encryption::sapling_ka_agree,
-    primitives::{Diversifier, Note, PaymentAddress, ProofGenerationKey, ViewingKey},
-    redjubjub::{self, Signature},
-    sapling::{merkle_hash, spend_sig},
-    transaction::components::Amount,
-    zip32, JUBJUB,
-};
 use zcash_proofs::{
     load_parameters,
-    sapling::{SaplingProvingContext, SaplingVerificationContext},
+    sapling::{CommitmentTreeWitness, SaplingProvingContext, SaplingVerificationContext},
 };
 
 pub mod equihash;
@@ -235,7 +229,7 @@ fn init_zksnark_params(
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_tree_uncommitted(result: *mut [c_uchar; 32]) {
-    let tmp = Note::<Bls12>::uncommitted().into_repr();
+    let tmp = sapling_crypto::primitives::Note::<Bls12>::uncommitted().into_repr();
 
     // Should be okay, caller is responsible for ensuring the pointer
     // is a valid pointer to 32 bytes that can be mutated.
@@ -261,7 +255,28 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_merkle_hash(
     // size of the representation
     let b_repr = read_le(unsafe { &(&*b)[..] });
 
-    let tmp = merkle_hash(depth, &a_repr, &b_repr);
+    let mut lhs = [false; 256];
+    let mut rhs = [false; 256];
+
+    for (a, b) in lhs.iter_mut().rev().zip(BitIterator::new(a_repr)) {
+        *a = b;
+    }
+
+    for (a, b) in rhs.iter_mut().rev().zip(BitIterator::new(b_repr)) {
+        *a = b;
+    }
+
+    let tmp = pedersen_hash::<Bls12, _>(
+        Personalization::MerkleTree(depth),
+        lhs.iter()
+            .map(|&x| x)
+            .take(Fr::NUM_BITS as usize)
+            .chain(rhs.iter().map(|&x| x).take(Fr::NUM_BITS as usize)),
+        &JUBJUB,
+    )
+    .into_xy()
+    .0
+    .into_repr();
 
     // Should be okay, caller is responsible for ensuring the pointer
     // is a valid pointer to 32 bytes that can be mutated.
@@ -322,10 +337,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_crh_ivk(
     let ak = unsafe { &*ak };
     let nk = unsafe { &*nk };
 
-    let mut h = Blake2sParams::new()
+    let mut h = Blake2s::with_params(32, &[], &[], CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION);
-        .hash_length(32)
-        .personal(CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION)
-        .to_state();
     h.update(ak);
     h.update(nk);
     let mut h = h.finalize().as_ref().to_vec();
@@ -340,7 +352,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_crh_ivk(
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_check_diversifier(diversifier: *const [c_uchar; 11]) -> bool {
-    let diversifier = Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
+    let diversifier = sapling_crypto::primitives::Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
     diversifier.g_d::<Bls12>(&JUBJUB).is_some()
 }
 
@@ -351,7 +363,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_ivk_to_pkd(
     result: *mut [c_uchar; 32],
 ) -> bool {
     let ivk = read_fs(unsafe { &*ivk });
-    let diversifier = Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
+    let diversifier = sapling_crypto::primitives::Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
     if let Some(g_d) = diversifier.g_d::<Bls12>(&JUBJUB) {
         let pk_d = g_d.mul(ivk, &JUBJUB);
 
@@ -388,9 +400,11 @@ fn test_gen_r() {
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_generate_r(result: *mut [c_uchar; 32]) {
     // create random 64 byte buffer
-    let mut rng = OsRng;
+    let mut rng = OsRng::new().expect("should be able to construct RNG");
     let mut buffer = [0u8; 64];
-    rng.fill_bytes(&mut buffer);
+    for i in 0..buffer.len() {
+        buffer[i] = rng.gen();
+    }
 
     // reduce to uniform value
     let r = <Bls12 as JubjubEngine>::Fs::to_uniform(&buffer[..]);
@@ -404,10 +418,10 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_generate_r(result: *mut [c_uchar; 32
 fn priv_get_note(
     diversifier: *const [c_uchar; 11],
     pk_d: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    value: u64,
+    value: uint64_t,
     r: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-) -> Result<Note<Bls12>, ()> {
+) -> Result<sapling_crypto::primitives::Note<Bls12>, ()> {
-    let diversifier = Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
+    let diversifier = sapling_crypto::primitives::Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
     let g_d = match diversifier.g_d::<Bls12>(&JUBJUB) {
         Some(g_d) => g_d,
         None => return Err(()),
@@ -429,7 +443,7 @@ fn priv_get_note(
         Err(_) => return Err(()),
     };
 
-    let note = Note {
+    let note = sapling_crypto::primitives::Note {
         value,
         g_d,
         pk_d,
@@ -444,11 +458,11 @@ fn priv_get_note(
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_compute_nf(
     diversifier: *const [c_uchar; 11],
     pk_d: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    value: u64,
+    value: uint64_t,
     r: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     ak: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     nk: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    position: u64,
+    position: uint64_t,
     result: *mut [c_uchar; 32],
 ) -> bool {
     let note = match priv_get_note(diversifier, pk_d, value, r) {
@@ -489,7 +503,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_compute_nf(
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_compute_cm(
     diversifier: *const [c_uchar; 11],
     pk_d: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    value: u64,
+    value: uint64_t,
     r: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     result: *mut [c_uchar; 32],
 ) -> bool {
@@ -538,7 +552,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_ka_derivepublic(
     esk: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     result: *mut [c_uchar; 32],
 ) -> bool {
-    let diversifier = Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
+    let diversifier = sapling_crypto::primitives::Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
 
     // Compute g_d from the diversifier
     let g_d = match diversifier.g_d::<Bls12>(&JUBJUB) {
@@ -562,8 +576,8 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_ka_derivepublic(
 
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_eh_isvalid(
-    n: u32,
+    n: uint32_t,
-    k: u32,
+    k: uint32_t,
     input: *const c_uchar,
     input_len: size_t,
     nonce: *const c_uchar,
@@ -700,15 +714,10 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_check_output(
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_final_check(
     ctx: *mut SaplingVerificationContext,
-    value_balance: i64,
+    value_balance: int64_t,
     binding_sig: *const [c_uchar; 64],
     sighash_value: *const [c_uchar; 32],
 ) -> bool {
-    let value_balance = match Amount::from_i64(value_balance) {
-        Ok(vb) => vb,
-        Err(()) => return false,
-    };
-
     // Deserialize the signature
     let binding_sig = match Signature::read(&(unsafe { &*binding_sig })[..]) {
         Ok(sig) => sig,
@@ -733,31 +742,31 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sprout_prove(
 
     // First input
     in_sk1: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    in_value1: u64,
+    in_value1: uint64_t,
     in_rho1: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     in_r1: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     in_auth1: *const [c_uchar; 1 + 33 * SPROUT_TREE_DEPTH + 8],
 
     // Second input
     in_sk2: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    in_value2: u64,
+    in_value2: uint64_t,
     in_rho2: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     in_r2: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     in_auth2: *const [c_uchar; 1 + 33 * SPROUT_TREE_DEPTH + 8],
 
     // First output
     out_pk1: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    out_value1: u64,
+    out_value1: uint64_t,
     out_r1: *const [c_uchar; 32],
 
     // Second output
     out_pk2: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    out_value2: u64,
+    out_value2: uint64_t,
     out_r2: *const [c_uchar; 32],
 
     // Public value
-    vpub_old: u64,
+    vpub_old: uint64_t,
-    vpub_new: u64,
+    vpub_new: uint64_t,
 ) {
     let phi = unsafe { *phi };
     let rt = unsafe { *rt };
@@ -863,7 +872,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sprout_prove(
     drop(sprout_fs);
 
     // Initialize secure RNG
-    let mut rng = OsRng;
+    let mut rng = OsRng::new().expect("should be able to construct RNG");
 
     let proof = create_random_proof(js, &params, &mut rng).expect("proving should not fail");
 
@@ -883,8 +892,8 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sprout_verify(
     nf2: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     cm1: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     cm2: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    vpub_old: u64,
+    vpub_old: uint64_t,
-    vpub_new: u64,
+    vpub_new: uint64_t,
 ) -> bool {
     // Prepare the public input for the verifier
     let mut public_input = Vec::with_capacity((32 * 8) + (8 * 2));
@@ -928,7 +937,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_output_proof(
     diversifier: *const [c_uchar; 11],
     pk_d: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     rcm: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    value: u64,
+    value: uint64_t,
     cv: *mut [c_uchar; 32],
     zkproof: *mut [c_uchar; GROTH_PROOF_SIZE],
 ) -> bool {
@@ -939,7 +948,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_output_proof(
     };
 
     // Grab the diversifier from the caller.
-    let diversifier = Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
+    let diversifier = sapling_crypto::primitives::Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
 
     // Grab pk_d from the caller.
     let pk_d = match edwards::Point::<Bls12, Unknown>::read(&(unsafe { &*pk_d })[..], &JUBJUB) {
@@ -954,7 +963,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_output_proof(
     };
 
     // Construct a payment address
-    let payment_address = PaymentAddress {
+    let payment_address = sapling_crypto::primitives::PaymentAddress {
         pk_d: pk_d,
         diversifier: diversifier,
     };
@@ -1007,11 +1016,8 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_spend_sig(
         Err(_) => return false,
     };
 
-    // Initialize secure RNG
-    let mut rng = OsRng;
-
     // Do the signing
-    let sig = spend_sig(ask, ar, unsafe { &*sighash }, &mut rng, &JUBJUB);
+    let sig = spend_sig(ask, ar, unsafe { &*sighash }, &JUBJUB);
 
     // Write out the signature
     sig.write(&mut (unsafe { &mut *result })[..])
@@ -1023,15 +1029,10 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_spend_sig(
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_binding_sig(
     ctx: *const SaplingProvingContext,
-    value_balance: i64,
+    value_balance: int64_t,
     sighash: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     result: *mut [c_uchar; 64],
 ) -> bool {
-    let value_balance = match Amount::from_i64(value_balance) {
-        Ok(vb) => vb,
-        Err(()) => return false,
-    };
-
     // Sign
     let sig = match unsafe { &*ctx }.binding_sig(value_balance, unsafe { &*sighash }, &JUBJUB) {
         Ok(s) => s,
@@ -1053,7 +1054,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_spend_proof(
     diversifier: *const [c_uchar; 11],
     rcm: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     ar: *const [c_uchar; 32],
-    value: u64,
+    value: uint64_t,
     anchor: *const [c_uchar; 32],
     witness: *const [c_uchar; 1 + 33 * SAPLING_TREE_DEPTH + 8],
     cv: *mut [c_uchar; 32],
@@ -1085,7 +1086,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_sapling_spend_proof(
     };
 
     // Grab the diversifier from the caller
-    let diversifier = Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
+    let diversifier = sapling_crypto::primitives::Diversifier(unsafe { *diversifier });
 
     // The caller chooses the note randomness
     let rcm = match Fs::from_repr(read_fs(&(unsafe { &*rcm })[..])) {
@@ -1174,7 +1175,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_zip32_xsk_master(
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_zip32_xsk_derive(
     xsk_parent: *const [c_uchar; 169],
-    i: u32,
+    i: uint32_t,
     xsk_i: *mut [c_uchar; 169],
 ) {
     let xsk_parent = zip32::ExtendedSpendingKey::read(&unsafe { *xsk_parent }[..])
@@ -1190,7 +1191,7 @@ pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_zip32_xsk_derive(
 #[no_mangle]
 pub extern "system" fn librustzcash_zip32_xfvk_derive(
     xfvk_parent: *const [c_uchar; 169],
-    i: u32,
+    i: uint32_t,
     xfvk_i: *mut [c_uchar; 169],
 ) -> bool {
     let xfvk_parent = zip32::ExtendedFullViewingKey::read(&unsafe { *xfvk_parent }[..])

librustzcash/src/tests/key_agreement.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 use ff::{PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
 use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::{OsRng, Rng};
-use rand_os::OsRng;
+use sapling_crypto::jubjub::{edwards, JubjubBls12};
-use zcash_primitives::jubjub::{edwards, JubjubBls12};
+use sapling_crypto::primitives::{Diversifier, ViewingKey};
-use zcash_primitives::primitives::{Diversifier, ViewingKey};
 
 use {
     librustzcash_sapling_generate_r, librustzcash_sapling_ka_agree,
@@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ use {
 #[test]
 fn test_key_agreement() {
     let params = JubjubBls12::new();
-    let mut rng = OsRng;
+    let mut rng = OsRng::new().unwrap();
 
     // Create random viewing key
     let vk = ViewingKey::<Bls12> {
@@ -23,9 +22,7 @@ fn test_key_agreement() {
 
     // Create a random address with the viewing key
     let addr = loop {
-        let mut d = [0; 11];
+        match vk.into_payment_address(Diversifier(rng.gen()), &params) {
-        rng.fill_bytes(&mut d);
-        match vk.into_payment_address(Diversifier(d), &params) {
             Some(a) => break a,
             None => {}
         }

librustzcash/src/tests/key_components.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use ff::{PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
 use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-use zcash_primitives::{
+use sapling_crypto::{
     jubjub::{fs::FsRepr, FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams},
     primitives::{Diversifier, ProofGenerationKey},
 };
@@ -28,8 +28,6 @@ fn key_components() {
         note_v: u64,
         note_r: [u8; 32],
         note_cm: [u8; 32],
-        note_pos: u64,
-        note_nf: [u8; 32],
     };
 
     // From https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/zcash-test-vectors/blob/master/sapling_key_components.py
@@ -89,12 +87,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0x18, 0x50, 0xc9, 0xfe, 0xd4, 0x4f, 0xce, 0x08, 0x06, 0x27, 0x8f, 0x08, 0x3e, 0xf2,
                 0xdd, 0x07, 0x64, 0x39,
             ],
-            note_pos: 0,
-            note_nf: [
-                0x44, 0xfa, 0xd6, 0x56, 0x4f, 0xfd, 0xec, 0x9f, 0xa1, 0x9c, 0x43, 0xa2, 0x8f, 0x86,
-                0x1d, 0x5e, 0xbf, 0x60, 0x23, 0x46, 0x00, 0x7d, 0xe7, 0x62, 0x67, 0xd9, 0x75, 0x27,
-                0x47, 0xab, 0x40, 0x63,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -151,12 +143,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0x89, 0xe1, 0x0e, 0x26, 0x6b, 0xcf, 0xa3, 0x1c, 0x31, 0xb2, 0x9a, 0x53, 0xae, 0x72,
                 0xca, 0xd4, 0x69, 0x50,
             ],
-            note_pos: 763714296,
-            note_nf: [
-                0x67, 0x9e, 0xb0, 0xc3, 0xa7, 0x57, 0xe2, 0xae, 0x83, 0xcd, 0xb4, 0x2a, 0x1a, 0xb2,
-                0x59, 0xd7, 0x83, 0x88, 0x31, 0x54, 0x19, 0xad, 0xc7, 0x1d, 0x2e, 0x37, 0x63, 0x17,
-                0x4c, 0x2e, 0x9d, 0x93,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -213,12 +199,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0xb7, 0x40, 0x82, 0x96, 0x66, 0x17, 0x70, 0xb1, 0x01, 0xb0, 0xaa, 0x87, 0x83, 0x9f,
                 0x4e, 0x55, 0xf1, 0x51,
             ],
-            note_pos: 1527428592,
-            note_nf: [
-                0xe9, 0x8f, 0x6a, 0x8f, 0x34, 0xff, 0x49, 0x80, 0x59, 0xb3, 0xc7, 0x31, 0xb9, 0x1f,
-                0x45, 0x11, 0x08, 0xc4, 0x95, 0x4d, 0x91, 0x94, 0x84, 0x36, 0x1c, 0xf9, 0xb4, 0x8f,
-                0x59, 0xae, 0x1d, 0x14,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -275,12 +255,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0xbd, 0x10, 0x5d, 0x88, 0x39, 0x21, 0x2e, 0x0d, 0x16, 0x44, 0xb9, 0xd5, 0x5c, 0xaa,
                 0x60, 0xd1, 0x9b, 0x6c,
             ],
-            note_pos: 2291142888,
-            note_nf: [
-                0x55, 0x47, 0xaa, 0x12, 0xff, 0x80, 0xa6, 0xb3, 0x30, 0x4e, 0x3b, 0x05, 0x86, 0x56,
-                0x47, 0x2a, 0xbd, 0x2c, 0x81, 0x83, 0xb5, 0x9d, 0x07, 0x37, 0xb9, 0x3c, 0xee, 0x75,
-                0x8b, 0xec, 0x47, 0xa1,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -337,12 +311,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0xcf, 0x1e, 0x67, 0x15, 0xbf, 0xe7, 0x0b, 0x63, 0x2d, 0x04, 0x4b, 0x26, 0xfb, 0x2b,
                 0xc7, 0x1b, 0x7f, 0x36,
             ],
-            note_pos: 3054857184,
-            note_nf: [
-                0x8a, 0x9a, 0xbd, 0xa3, 0xd4, 0xef, 0x85, 0xca, 0xf2, 0x2b, 0xfa, 0xf2, 0xc4, 0x8f,
-                0x62, 0x38, 0x2a, 0x73, 0xa1, 0x62, 0x4e, 0xb8, 0xeb, 0x2b, 0xd0, 0x0d, 0x27, 0x03,
-                0x01, 0xbf, 0x3d, 0x13,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -399,12 +367,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0x1d, 0x74, 0xc5, 0xbc, 0xf2, 0xe1, 0xef, 0x95, 0x66, 0x90, 0x44, 0x73, 0x01, 0x69,
                 0xde, 0x1a, 0x5b, 0x4c,
             ],
-            note_pos: 3818571480,
-            note_nf: [
-                0x33, 0x2a, 0xd9, 0x9e, 0xb9, 0xe9, 0x77, 0xeb, 0x62, 0x7a, 0x12, 0x2d, 0xbf, 0xb2,
-                0xf2, 0x5f, 0xe5, 0x88, 0xe5, 0x97, 0x75, 0x3e, 0xc5, 0x58, 0x0f, 0xf2, 0xbe, 0x20,
-                0xb6, 0xc9, 0xa7, 0xe1,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -461,12 +423,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0x90, 0xb6, 0xe0, 0xf2, 0xf4, 0xbf, 0x4e, 0xc4, 0xa0, 0xdb, 0x5b, 0xbc, 0xcb, 0x5b,
                 0x78, 0x3a, 0x1e, 0x55,
             ],
-            note_pos: 287318480,
-            note_nf: [
-                0xfc, 0x74, 0xcd, 0x0e, 0x4b, 0xe0, 0x49, 0x57, 0xb1, 0x96, 0xcf, 0x87, 0x34, 0xae,
-                0x99, 0x23, 0x96, 0xaf, 0x4c, 0xfa, 0x8f, 0xec, 0xbb, 0x86, 0xf9, 0x61, 0xe6, 0xb4,
-                0x07, 0xd5, 0x1e, 0x11,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -523,12 +479,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0x60, 0xa0, 0x06, 0xf8, 0x2b, 0xb7, 0xad, 0xcd, 0x75, 0x22, 0x3f, 0xa8, 0x59, 0x36,
                 0xf7, 0x8c, 0x2b, 0x23,
             ],
-            note_pos: 1051032776,
-            note_nf: [
-                0xd2, 0xe8, 0x87, 0xbd, 0x85, 0x4a, 0x80, 0x2b, 0xce, 0x85, 0x70, 0x53, 0x02, 0x0f,
-                0x5d, 0x3e, 0x7c, 0x8a, 0xe5, 0x26, 0x7c, 0x5b, 0x65, 0x83, 0xb3, 0xd2, 0x12, 0xcc,
-                0x8b, 0xb6, 0x98, 0x90,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -585,12 +535,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0x23, 0x36, 0xc2, 0xa0, 0x5a, 0x08, 0x03, 0x23, 0x9b, 0x5b, 0x88, 0xfd, 0x92, 0x07,
                 0x8f, 0xea, 0x4d, 0x04,
             ],
-            note_pos: 1814747072,
-            note_nf: [
-                0xa8, 0x2f, 0x17, 0x50, 0xcc, 0x5b, 0x2b, 0xee, 0x64, 0x9a, 0x36, 0x5c, 0x04, 0x20,
-                0xed, 0x87, 0x07, 0x5b, 0x88, 0x71, 0xfd, 0xa4, 0xa7, 0xf5, 0x84, 0x0d, 0x6b, 0xbe,
-                0xb1, 0x7c, 0xd6, 0x20,
-            ],
         },
         TestVector {
             sk: [
@@ -647,12 +591,6 @@ fn key_components() {
                 0x64, 0x41, 0x9b, 0x0e, 0x55, 0x0a, 0xbb, 0xcb, 0x8e, 0x2b, 0xcb, 0xda, 0x8b, 0x63,
                 0xe4, 0x1d, 0xeb, 0x37,
             ],
-            note_pos: 2578461368,
-            note_nf: [
-                0x65, 0x36, 0x74, 0x87, 0x3b, 0x3c, 0x67, 0x0c, 0x58, 0x85, 0x84, 0x73, 0xe7, 0xfe,
-                0x72, 0x19, 0x72, 0xfb, 0x96, 0xe2, 0x15, 0xb8, 0x73, 0x77, 0xa1, 0x7c, 0xa3, 0x71,
-                0x0d, 0x93, 0xc9, 0xe9,
-            ],
         },
     ];
 
@@ -725,7 +663,5 @@ fn key_components() {
             note.cm(&JUBJUB).into_repr().write_le(&mut vec).unwrap();
             assert_eq!(&vec, &tv.note_cm);
         }
-
-        assert_eq!(note.nf(&fvk, tv.note_pos, &JUBJUB), tv.note_nf);
     }
 }

librustzcash/src/tests/mod.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use zcash_primitives::jubjub::{FixedGenerators, JubjubParams};
+use sapling_crypto::jubjub::{FixedGenerators, JubjubParams};
 
 use super::JUBJUB;
 

librustzcash/src/tests/signatures.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 use ff::{PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
 use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-use zcash_primitives::jubjub::{FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine};
+use sapling_crypto::{
-use zcash_primitives::redjubjub::{PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature};
+    jubjub::{FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine},
+    redjubjub::{PrivateKey, PublicKey, Signature},
+};
 
 use super::JUBJUB;
 

pairing/Cargo.toml

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ name = "pairing"
 # Remember to change version string in README.md.
 version = "0.14.2"
 authors = [
+    "The Hush Developers",
     "Sean Bowe <ewillbefull@gmail.com>",
     "Jack Grigg <jack@z.cash>",
 ]
@@ -15,13 +16,10 @@ homepage = "https://github.com/ebfull/pairing"
 repository = "https://github.com/ebfull/pairing"
 
 [dependencies]
+rand = "0.4"
 byteorder = "1"
 ff = { path = "../ff", features = ["derive"] }
 group = { path = "../group" }
-rand_core = "0.5"
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-rand_xorshift = "0.2"
 
 [features]
 unstable-features = ["expose-arith"]

pairing/src/bls12_381/ec.rs

@@ -14,10 +14,11 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
         pub struct $affine {
             pub(crate) x: $basefield,
             pub(crate) y: $basefield,
-            pub(crate) infinity: bool,
+            pub(crate) infinity: bool
         }
 
-        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $affine {
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $affine
+        {
             fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
                 if self.infinity {
                     write!(f, "{}(Infinity)", $name)
@@ -31,10 +32,11 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
         pub struct $projective {
            pub(crate) x: $basefield,
            pub(crate) y: $basefield,
-            pub(crate) z: $basefield,
+           pub(crate) z: $basefield
         }
 
-        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $projective {
+        impl ::std::fmt::Display for $projective
+        {
             fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
                 write!(f, "{}", self.into_affine())
             }
@@ -87,9 +89,7 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                 let mut res = $projective::zero();
                 for i in bits {
                     res.double();
-                    if i {
+                    if i { res.add_assign_mixed(self) }
-                        res.add_assign_mixed(self)
-                    }
                 }
                 res
             }
@@ -112,8 +112,12 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
 
                     $affine {
                         x: x,
-                        y: if (y < negy) ^ greatest { y } else { negy },
+                        y: if (y < negy) ^ greatest {
-                        infinity: false,
+                            y
+                        } else {
+                            negy
+                        },
+                        infinity: false
                     }
                 })
             }
@@ -152,7 +156,7 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                 $affine {
                     x: $basefield::zero(),
                     y: $basefield::one(),
-                    infinity: true,
+                    infinity: true
                 }
             }
 
@@ -178,6 +182,7 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
             fn into_projective(&self) -> $projective {
                 (*self).into()
             }
+
         }
 
         impl PairingCurveAffine for $affine {
@@ -192,18 +197,14 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
             fn pairing_with(&self, other: &Self::Pair) -> Self::PairingResult {
                 self.perform_pairing(other)
             }
+
         }
 
-        impl CurveProjective for $projective {
+        impl Rand for $projective {
-            type Engine = Bls12;
+            fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
-            type Scalar = $scalarfield;
-            type Base = $basefield;
-            type Affine = $affine;
-
-            fn random<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
                 loop {
-                    let x = $basefield::random(rng);
+                    let x = rng.gen();
-                    let greatest = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
+                    let greatest = rng.gen();
 
                     if let Some(p) = $affine::get_point_from_x(x, greatest) {
                         let p = p.scale_by_cofactor();
@@ -214,6 +215,13 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                     }
                 }
             }
+        }
+
+        impl CurveProjective for $projective {
+            type Engine = Bls12;
+            type Scalar = $scalarfield;
+            type Base = $basefield;
+            type Affine = $affine;
 
             // The point at infinity is always represented by
             // Z = 0.
@@ -221,7 +229,7 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                 $projective {
                     x: $basefield::zero(),
                     y: $basefield::one(),
-                    z: $basefield::zero(),
+                    z: $basefield::zero()
                 }
             }
 
@@ -239,7 +247,8 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                 self.is_zero() || self.z == $basefield::one()
             }
 
-            fn batch_normalization(v: &mut [Self]) {
+            fn batch_normalization(v: &mut [Self])
+            {
                 // Montgomery’s Trick and Fast Implementation of Masked AES
                 // Genelle, Prouff and Quisquater
                 // Section 3.2
@@ -247,8 +256,7 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                 // First pass: compute [a, ab, abc, ...]
                 let mut prod = Vec::with_capacity(v.len());
                 let mut tmp = $basefield::one();
-                for g in v
+                for g in v.iter_mut()
-                    .iter_mut()
                           // Ignore normalized elements
                           .filter(|g| !g.is_normalized())
                 {
@@ -260,19 +268,13 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                 tmp = tmp.inverse().unwrap(); // Guaranteed to be nonzero.
 
                 // Second pass: iterate backwards to compute inverses
-                for (g, s) in v
+                for (g, s) in v.iter_mut()
-                    .iter_mut()
                                // Backwards
                                .rev()
                                // Ignore normalized elements
                                .filter(|g| !g.is_normalized())
                                // Backwards, skip last element, fill in one for last term.
-                    .zip(
+                               .zip(prod.into_iter().rev().skip(1).chain(Some($basefield::one())))
-                        prod.into_iter()
-                            .rev()
-                            .skip(1)
-                            .chain(Some($basefield::one())),
-                    )
                 {
                     // tmp := tmp * g.z; g.z := tmp * s = 1/z
                     let mut newtmp = tmp;
@@ -283,7 +285,9 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                 }
 
                 // Perform affine transformations
-                for g in v.iter_mut().filter(|g| !g.is_normalized()) {
+                for g in v.iter_mut()
+                          .filter(|g| !g.is_normalized())
+                {
                     let mut z = g.z; // 1/z
                     z.square(); // 1/z^2
                     g.x.mul_assign(&z); // x/z^2
@@ -536,7 +540,8 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
 
                 let mut found_one = false;
 
-                for i in BitIterator::new(other.into()) {
+                for i in BitIterator::new(other.into())
+                {
                     if found_one {
                         res.double();
                     } else {
@@ -574,7 +579,7 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                     $projective {
                         x: p.x,
                         y: p.y,
-                        z: $basefield::one(),
+                        z: $basefield::one()
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -591,7 +596,7 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                     $affine {
                         x: p.x,
                         y: p.y,
-                        infinity: false,
+                        infinity: false
                     }
                 } else {
                     // Z is nonzero, so it must have an inverse in a field.
@@ -611,12 +616,12 @@ macro_rules! curve_impl {
                     $affine {
                         x: x,
                         y: y,
-                        infinity: false,
+                        infinity: false
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
-    };
 }
 
 pub mod g1 {
@@ -624,7 +629,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
     use super::g2::G2Affine;
     use ff::{BitIterator, Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr, SqrtField};
     use group::{CurveAffine, CurveProjective, EncodedPoint, GroupDecodingError};
-    use rand_core::RngCore;
+    use rand::{Rand, Rng};
     use std::fmt;
     use {Engine, PairingCurveAffine};
 
@@ -952,7 +957,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 let negyrepr = negy.into_repr();
 
                 let p = G1Affine {
-                    x,
+                    x: x,
                     y: if yrepr < negyrepr { y } else { negy },
                     infinity: false,
                 };
@@ -987,8 +992,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0x9fe83b1b4a5d648d,
                     0xf583cc5a508f6a40,
                     0xc3ad2aefde0bb13,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0x60aa6f9552f03aae,
                     0xecd01d5181300d35,
@@ -996,8 +1000,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0xe760f57922998c9d,
                     0x953703f5795a39e5,
                     0xfe3ae0922df702c,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 infinity: false,
             };
             assert!(!p.is_on_curve());
@@ -1014,8 +1017,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0xea034ee2928b30a8,
                     0xbd8833dc7c79a7f7,
                     0xe45c9f0c0438675,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0x3b450eb1ab7b5dad,
                     0xa65cb81e975e8675,
@@ -1023,8 +1025,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0x753ddf21a2601d20,
                     0x532d0b640bd3ff8b,
                     0x118d2c543f031102,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 infinity: false,
             };
             assert!(!p.is_on_curve());
@@ -1042,8 +1043,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0xf35de9ce0d6b4e84,
                     0x265bddd23d1dec54,
                     0x12a8778088458308,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0x8a22defa0d526256,
                     0xc57ca55456fcb9ae,
@@ -1051,8 +1051,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0x921beef89d4f29df,
                     0x5b6fda44ad85fa78,
                     0xed74ab9f302cbe0,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 infinity: false,
             };
             assert!(p.is_on_curve());
@@ -1070,8 +1069,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0x485e77d50a5df10d,
                 0x4c6fcac4b55fd479,
                 0x86ed4d9906fb064,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xd25ee6461538c65,
                 0x9f3bbb2ecd3719b9,
@@ -1079,8 +1077,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0xcefca68333c35288,
                 0x570c8005f8573fa6,
                 0x152ca696fe034442,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             z: Fq::one(),
         };
 
@@ -1092,8 +1089,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0x5f44314ec5e3fb03,
                 0x24e8538737c6e675,
                 0x8abd623a594fba8,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x6b0528f088bb7044,
                 0x2fdeb5c82917ff9e,
@@ -1101,8 +1097,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0xd65104c6f95a872a,
                 0x1f2998a5a9c61253,
                 0xe74846154a9e44,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             z: Fq::one(),
         });
 
@@ -1118,8 +1113,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0xc4f9a52a428e23bb,
                     0xd178b28dd4f407ef,
                     0x17fb8905e9183c69
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0xd0de9d65292b7710,
                     0xf6a05f2bcf1d9ca7,
@@ -1127,8 +1121,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0xeec8d1a5b7466c58,
                     0x4bc362649dce6376,
                     0x430cbdc5455b00a
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 infinity: false,
             }
         );
@@ -1144,8 +1137,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0x485e77d50a5df10d,
                 0x4c6fcac4b55fd479,
                 0x86ed4d9906fb064,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xd25ee6461538c65,
                 0x9f3bbb2ecd3719b9,
@@ -1153,8 +1145,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0xcefca68333c35288,
                 0x570c8005f8573fa6,
                 0x152ca696fe034442,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             z: Fq::one(),
         };
 
@@ -1172,8 +1163,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0x4b914c16687dcde0,
                     0x66c8baf177d20533,
                     0xaf960cff3d83833
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0x3f0675695f5177a8,
                     0x2b6d82ae178a1ba0,
@@ -1181,8 +1171,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                     0x1771a65b60572f4e,
                     0x8b547c1313b27555,
                     0x135075589a687b1e
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 infinity: false,
             }
         );
@@ -1205,8 +1194,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0x71ffa8021531705,
                 0x7418d484386d267,
                 0xd5108d8ff1fbd6,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xa776ccbfe9981766,
                 0x255632964ff40f4a,
@@ -1214,8 +1202,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0x520f74773e74c8c3,
                 0x484c8fc982008f0,
                 0xee2c3d922008cc6,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             infinity: false,
         };
 
@@ -1227,8 +1214,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0xc6e05201e5f83991,
                 0xf7c75910816f207c,
                 0x18d4043e78103106,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xa776ccbfe9981766,
                 0x255632964ff40f4a,
@@ -1236,8 +1222,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0x520f74773e74c8c3,
                 0x484c8fc982008f0,
                 0xee2c3d922008cc6,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             infinity: false,
         };
 
@@ -1252,8 +1237,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0x9676ff02ec39c227,
                 0x4c12c15d7e55b9f3,
                 0x57fd1e317db9bd,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             y: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x1288334016679345,
                 0xf955cd68615ff0b5,
@@ -1261,8 +1245,7 @@ pub mod g1 {
                 0x1267d70db51049fb,
                 0x4696deb9ab2ba3e7,
                 0xb1e4e11177f59d4,
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             infinity: false,
         };
 
@@ -1293,7 +1276,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
     use super::g1::G1Affine;
     use ff::{BitIterator, Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr, SqrtField};
     use group::{CurveAffine, CurveProjective, EncodedPoint, GroupDecodingError};
-    use rand_core::RngCore;
+    use rand::{Rand, Rng};
     use std::fmt;
     use {Engine, PairingCurveAffine};
 
@@ -1656,7 +1639,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                 negy.negate();
 
                 let p = G2Affine {
-                    x,
+                    x: x,
                     y: if y < negy { y } else { negy },
                     infinity: false,
                 };
@@ -1692,8 +1675,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x7a17a004747e3dbe,
                         0xcc65406a7c2e5a73,
                         0x10b8c03d64db4d0c,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0xd30e70fe2f029778,
                         0xda30772df0f5212e,
@@ -1701,8 +1683,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0xfb777e5b9b568608,
                         0x789bac1fec71a2b9,
                         0x1342f02e2da54405,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 y: Fq2 {
                     c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -1712,8 +1693,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x663015d9410eb608,
                         0x78e82a79d829a544,
                         0x40a00545bb3c1e,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0x4709802348e79377,
                         0xb5ac4dc9204bcfbd,
@@ -1721,8 +1701,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x15008b1dc399e8df,
                         0x68128fd0548a3829,
                         0x16a613db5c873aaa,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 infinity: false,
             };
@@ -1741,8 +1720,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x41abba710d6c692c,
                         0xffcc4b2b62ce8484,
                         0x6993ec01b8934ed,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0xb94e92d5f874e26,
                         0x44516408bc115d95,
@@ -1750,8 +1728,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0xa5a0c2b7131f3555,
                         0x83800965822367e7,
                         0x10cf1d3ad8d90bfa,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 y: Fq2 {
                     c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -1761,8 +1738,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x5a9171720e73eb51,
                         0x38eb4fd8d658adb7,
                         0xb649051bbc1164d,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0x9225814253d7df75,
                         0xc196c2513477f887,
@@ -1770,8 +1746,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x55f2b8efad953e04,
                         0x7379345eda55265e,
                         0x377f2e6208fd4cb,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 infinity: false,
             };
@@ -1791,8 +1766,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x2199bc19c48c393d,
                         0x4a151b732a6075bf,
                         0x17762a3b9108c4a7,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0x26f461e944bbd3d1,
                         0x298f3189a9cf6ed6,
@@ -1800,8 +1774,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x7e147f3f9e6e241,
                         0x72a9b63583963fff,
                         0x158b0083c000462,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 y: Fq2 {
                     c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -1811,8 +1784,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x68cad19430706b4d,
                         0x3ccfb97b924dcea8,
                         0x1660f93434588f8d,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0xaaed3985b6dcb9c7,
                         0xc1e985d6d898d9f4,
@@ -1820,8 +1792,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x3940a2dbb914b529,
                         0xbeb88137cf34f3e7,
                         0x1699ee577c61b694,
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 infinity: false,
             };
@@ -1841,8 +1812,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x72556c999f3707ac,
                     0x4617f2e6774e9711,
                     0x100b2fe5bffe030b,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0x7a33555977ec608,
                     0xe23039d1fe9c0881,
@@ -1850,8 +1820,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x4637c4f417667e2e,
                     0x93ebe7c3e41f6acc,
                     0xde884f89a9a371b,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
             },
             y: Fq2 {
                 c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -1861,8 +1830,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x25fd427b4122f231,
                     0xd83112aace35cae,
                     0x191b2432407cbb7f,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0xf68ae82fe97662f5,
                     0xe986057068b50b7d,
@@ -1870,8 +1838,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x9eaa6d19de569196,
                     0xf6a03d31e2ec2183,
                     0x3bdafaf7ca9b39b,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
             },
             z: Fq2::one(),
         };
@@ -1885,8 +1852,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x8e73a96b329ad190,
                     0x27c546f75ee1f3ab,
                     0xa33d27add5e7e82,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0x93b1ebcd54870dfe,
                     0xf1578300e1342e11,
@@ -1894,8 +1860,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x2089faf462438296,
                     0x828e5848cd48ea66,
                     0x141ecbac1deb038b,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
             },
             y: Fq2 {
                 c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -1905,8 +1870,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x2767032fc37cc31d,
                     0xd5ee2aba84fd10fe,
                     0x16576ccd3dd0a4e8,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0x4da9b6f6a96d1dd2,
                     0x9657f7da77f1650e,
@@ -1914,8 +1878,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x31898db63f87363a,
                     0xabab040ddbd097cc,
                     0x11ad236b9ba02990,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
             },
             z: Fq2::one(),
         });
@@ -1933,8 +1896,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0xf1273e6406eef9cc,
                         0xababd760ff05cb92,
                         0xd7c20456617e89
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0xd1a50b8572cbd2b8,
                         0x238f0ac6119d07df,
@@ -1942,8 +1904,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x8b203284c51edf6b,
                         0xc8a0b730bbb21f5e,
                         0x1a3b59d29a31274
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 y: Fq2 {
                     c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -1953,8 +1914,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x64528ab3863633dc,
                         0x159384333d7cba97,
                         0x4cb84741f3cafe8
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0x242af0dc3640e1a4,
                         0xe90a73ad65c66919,
@@ -1962,8 +1922,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0x38528f92b689644d,
                         0xb6884deec59fb21f,
                         0x3c075d3ec52ba90
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 infinity: false,
             }
@@ -1981,8 +1940,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x72556c999f3707ac,
                     0x4617f2e6774e9711,
                     0x100b2fe5bffe030b,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0x7a33555977ec608,
                     0xe23039d1fe9c0881,
@@ -1990,8 +1948,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x4637c4f417667e2e,
                     0x93ebe7c3e41f6acc,
                     0xde884f89a9a371b,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
             },
             y: Fq2 {
                 c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -2001,8 +1958,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x25fd427b4122f231,
                     0xd83112aace35cae,
                     0x191b2432407cbb7f,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
                 c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                     0xf68ae82fe97662f5,
                     0xe986057068b50b7d,
@@ -2010,8 +1966,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                     0x9eaa6d19de569196,
                     0xf6a03d31e2ec2183,
                     0x3bdafaf7ca9b39b,
-                ]))
+                ])).unwrap(),
-                .unwrap(),
             },
             z: Fq2::one(),
         };
@@ -2031,8 +1986,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0xbcedcfce1e52d986,
                         0x9755d4a3926e9862,
                         0x18bab73760fd8024
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0x4e7c5e0a2ae5b99e,
                         0x96e582a27f028961,
@@ -2040,8 +1994,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0xeb0cf5e610ef4fe7,
                         0x7b4c2bae8db6e70b,
                         0xf136e43909fca0
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 y: Fq2 {
                     c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -2051,8 +2004,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0xa5a2a51f7fde787b,
                         0x8b92866bc6384188,
                         0x81a53fe531d64ef
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                     c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                         0x4c5d607666239b34,
                         0xeddb5f48304d14b3,
@@ -2060,8 +2012,7 @@ pub mod g2 {
                         0xb271f52f12ead742,
                         0x244e6c2015c83348,
                         0x19e2deae6eb9b441
-                    ]))
+                    ])).unwrap(),
-                    .unwrap(),
                 },
                 infinity: false,
             }

pairing/src/bls12_381/fq.rs

@@ -1173,9 +1173,7 @@ fn test_neg_one() {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+use rand::{Rand, SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-#[cfg(test)]
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq_repr_ordering() {
@@ -1398,10 +1396,7 @@ fn test_fq_repr_num_bits() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq_repr_sub_noborrow() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let mut t = FqRepr([
         0x827a4a08041ebd9,
@@ -1431,7 +1426,7 @@ fn test_fq_repr_sub_noborrow() {
     );
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut a = Fq::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let mut a = FqRepr::rand(&mut rng);
         a.0[5] >>= 30;
         let mut b = a;
         for _ in 0..10 {
@@ -1488,10 +1483,7 @@ fn test_fq_repr_sub_noborrow() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq_repr_add_nocarry() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let mut t = FqRepr([
         0x827a4a08041ebd9,
@@ -1522,9 +1514,9 @@ fn test_fq_repr_add_nocarry() {
 
     // Test for the associativity of addition.
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut a = Fq::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let mut a = FqRepr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut b = Fq::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let mut b = FqRepr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut c = Fq::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let mut c = FqRepr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         // Unset the first few bits, so that overflow won't occur.
         a.0[5] >>= 3;
@@ -1582,32 +1574,31 @@ fn test_fq_is_valid() {
     a.0.sub_noborrow(&FqRepr::from(1));
     assert!(a.is_valid());
     assert!(Fq(FqRepr::from(0)).is_valid());
-    assert!(Fq(FqRepr([
+    assert!(
+        Fq(FqRepr([
             0xdf4671abd14dab3e,
             0xe2dc0c9f534fbd33,
             0x31ca6c880cc444a6,
             0x257a67e70ef33359,
             0xf9b29e493f899b36,
             0x17c8be1800b9f059
-    ]))
+        ])).is_valid()
-    .is_valid());
+    );
-    assert!(!Fq(FqRepr([
+    assert!(
+        !Fq(FqRepr([
             0xffffffffffffffff,
             0xffffffffffffffff,
             0xffffffffffffffff,
             0xffffffffffffffff,
             0xffffffffffffffff,
             0xffffffffffffffff
-    ]))
+        ])).is_valid()
-    .is_valid());
+    );
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
         assert!(a.is_valid());
     }
 }
@@ -1717,16 +1708,13 @@ fn test_fq_add_assign() {
 
     // Test associativity
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Generate a, b, c and ensure (a + b) + c == a + (b + c).
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let c = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp1 = a;
         tmp1.add_assign(&b);
@@ -1830,15 +1818,12 @@ fn test_fq_sub_assign() {
         );
     }
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure that (a - b) + (b - a) = 0.
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp1 = a;
         tmp1.sub_assign(&b);
@@ -1880,16 +1865,13 @@ fn test_fq_mul_assign() {
         ]))
     );
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000000 {
         // Ensure that (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let c = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp1 = a;
         tmp1.mul_assign(&b);
@@ -1905,10 +1887,10 @@ fn test_fq_mul_assign() {
     for _ in 0..1000000 {
         // Ensure that r * (a + b + c) = r*a + r*b + r*c
 
-        let r = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let r = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut b = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut b = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut c = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut c = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp1 = a;
         tmp1.add_assign(&b);
@@ -1947,18 +1929,14 @@ fn test_fq_squaring() {
             0xdc05c659b4e15b27,
             0x79361e5a802c6a23,
             0x24bcbe5d51b9a6f
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap()
-        .unwrap()
     );
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000000 {
         // Ensure that (a * a) = a^2
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp = a;
         tmp.square();
@@ -1974,16 +1952,13 @@ fn test_fq_squaring() {
 fn test_fq_inverse() {
     assert!(Fq::zero().inverse().is_none());
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let one = Fq::one();
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure that a * a^-1 = 1
-        let mut a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
         let ainv = a.inverse().unwrap();
         a.mul_assign(&ainv);
         assert_eq!(a, one);
@@ -1992,14 +1967,11 @@ fn test_fq_inverse() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq_double() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure doubling a is equivalent to adding a to itself.
-        let mut a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
         b.add_assign(&a);
         a.double();
@@ -2016,14 +1988,11 @@ fn test_fq_negate() {
         assert!(a.is_zero());
     }
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure (a - (-a)) = 0.
-        let mut a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
         b.negate();
         a.add_assign(&b);
@@ -2034,15 +2003,12 @@ fn test_fq_negate() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq_pow() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for i in 0..1000 {
         // Exponentiate by various small numbers and ensure it consists with repeated
         // multiplication.
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
         let target = a.pow(&[i]);
         let mut c = Fq::one();
         for _ in 0..i {
@@ -2053,7 +2019,7 @@ fn test_fq_pow() {
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Exponentiating by the modulus should have no effect in a prime field.
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
 
         assert_eq!(a, a.pow(Fq::char()));
     }
@@ -2063,16 +2029,13 @@ fn test_fq_pow() {
 fn test_fq_sqrt() {
     use ff::SqrtField;
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     assert_eq!(Fq::zero().sqrt().unwrap(), Fq::zero());
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure sqrt(a^2) = a or -a
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut nega = a;
         nega.negate();
         let mut b = a;
@@ -2085,7 +2048,7 @@ fn test_fq_sqrt() {
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure sqrt(a)^2 = a for random a
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
 
         if let Some(mut tmp) = a.sqrt() {
             tmp.square();
@@ -2098,15 +2061,16 @@ fn test_fq_sqrt() {
 #[test]
 fn test_fq_from_into_repr() {
     // q + 1 should not be in the field
-    assert!(Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
+    assert!(
+        Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0xb9feffffffffaaac,
             0x1eabfffeb153ffff,
             0x6730d2a0f6b0f624,
             0x64774b84f38512bf,
             0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7,
             0x1a0111ea397fe69a
-    ]))
+        ])).is_err()
-    .is_err());
+    );
 
     // q should not be in the field
     assert!(Fq::from_repr(Fq::char()).is_err());
@@ -2144,14 +2108,11 @@ fn test_fq_from_into_repr() {
     // Zero should be in the field.
     assert!(Fq::from_repr(FqRepr::from(0)).unwrap().is_zero());
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Try to turn Fq elements into representations and back again, and compare.
-        let a = Fq::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fq::rand(&mut rng);
         let a_repr = a.into_repr();
         let b_repr = FqRepr::from(a);
         assert_eq!(a_repr, b_repr);
@@ -2244,7 +2205,7 @@ fn test_fq_ordering() {
 
 #[test]
 fn fq_repr_tests() {
-    ::tests::repr::random_repr_tests::<Fq>();
+    ::tests::repr::random_repr_tests::<FqRepr>();
 }
 
 #[test]

pairing/src/bls12_381/fq12.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use super::fq::FROBENIUS_COEFF_FQ12_C1;
 use super::fq2::Fq2;
 use super::fq6::Fq6;
 use ff::Field;
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::{Rand, Rng};
 
 /// An element of Fq12, represented by c0 + c1 * w.
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
@@ -17,6 +17,15 @@ impl ::std::fmt::Display for Fq12 {
     }
 }
 
+impl Rand for Fq12 {
+    fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
+        Fq12 {
+            c0: rng.gen(),
+            c1: rng.gen(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Fq12 {
     pub fn conjugate(&mut self) {
         self.c1.negate();
@@ -40,13 +49,6 @@ impl Fq12 {
 }
 
 impl Field for Fq12 {
-    fn random<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
-        Fq12 {
-            c0: Fq6::random(rng),
-            c1: Fq6::random(rng),
-        }
-    }
-
     fn zero() -> Self {
         Fq12 {
             c0: Fq6::zero(),
@@ -147,29 +149,24 @@ impl Field for Fq12 {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+use rand::{SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-#[cfg(test)]
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq12_mul_by_014() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let c0 = Fq2::random(&mut rng);
+        let c0 = Fq2::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c1 = Fq2::random(&mut rng);
+        let c1 = Fq2::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c5 = Fq2::random(&mut rng);
+        let c5 = Fq2::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut a = Fq12::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq12::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
 
         a.mul_by_014(&c0, &c1, &c5);
         b.mul_assign(&Fq12 {
             c0: Fq6 {
-                c0,
+                c0: c0,
-                c1,
+                c1: c1,
                 c2: Fq2::zero(),
             },
             c1: Fq6 {

pairing/src/bls12_381/fq2.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use super::fq::{Fq, FROBENIUS_COEFF_FQ2_C1, NEGATIVE_ONE};
+use super::fq::{FROBENIUS_COEFF_FQ2_C1, Fq, NEGATIVE_ONE};
 use ff::{Field, SqrtField};
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::{Rand, Rng};
 
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 
@@ -56,14 +56,16 @@ impl Fq2 {
     }
 }
 
-impl Field for Fq2 {
+impl Rand for Fq2 {
-    fn random<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
+    fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
         Fq2 {
-            c0: Fq::random(rng),
+            c0: rng.gen(),
-            c1: Fq::random(rng),
+            c1: rng.gen(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
+impl Field for Fq2 {
     fn zero() -> Self {
         Fq2 {
             c0: Fq::zero(),
@@ -261,11 +263,12 @@ fn test_fq2_basics() {
     );
     assert!(Fq2::zero().is_zero());
     assert!(!Fq2::one().is_zero());
-    assert!(!Fq2 {
+    assert!(
+        !Fq2 {
             c0: Fq::zero(),
             c1: Fq::one(),
-    }
+        }.is_zero()
-    .is_zero());
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -308,8 +311,7 @@ fn test_fq2_squaring() {
             0xf7f295a94e58ae7c,
             0x41b76dcc1c3fbe5e,
             0x7080c5fa1d8e042,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x38f473b3c870a4ab,
             0x6ad3291177c8c7e5,
@@ -317,8 +319,7 @@ fn test_fq2_squaring() {
             0xbfb99020604137a0,
             0xfc58a7b7be815407,
             0x10d1615e75250a21,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     };
     a.square();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -331,8 +332,7 @@ fn test_fq2_squaring() {
                 0xcb674157618da176,
                 0x4cf17b5893c3d327,
                 0x7eac81369c43361
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xc1579cf58e980cf8,
                 0xa23eb7e12dd54d98,
@@ -340,8 +340,7 @@ fn test_fq2_squaring() {
                 0x38d0d7275a9689e1,
                 0x739c983042779a65,
                 0x1542a61c8a8db994
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -359,8 +358,7 @@ fn test_fq2_mul() {
             0x9ee53e7e84d7532e,
             0x1c202d8ed97afb45,
             0x51d3f9253e2516f,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0xa7348a8b511aedcf,
             0x143c215d8176b319,
@@ -368,8 +366,7 @@ fn test_fq2_mul() {
             0x9533e4a9a5158be,
             0x7a5e1ecb676d65f9,
             0x180c3ee46656b008,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     };
     a.mul_assign(&Fq2 {
         c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -379,8 +376,7 @@ fn test_fq2_mul() {
             0xcd460f9f0c23e430,
             0x6c9110292bfa409,
             0x2c93a72eb8af83e,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x4b1c3f936d8992d4,
             0x1d2a72916dba4c8a,
@@ -388,8 +384,7 @@ fn test_fq2_mul() {
             0x57a06d3135a752ae,
             0x634cd3c6c565096d,
             0x19e17334d4e93558,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     });
     assert_eq!(
         a,
@@ -401,8 +396,7 @@ fn test_fq2_mul() {
                 0x5511fe4d84ee5f78,
                 0x5310a202d92f9963,
                 0x1751afbe166e5399
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x84af0e1bd630117a,
                 0x6c63cd4da2c2aa7,
@@ -410,8 +404,7 @@ fn test_fq2_mul() {
                 0xc975106579c275ee,
                 0x33a9ac82ce4c5083,
                 0x1ef1a36c201589d
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -431,8 +424,7 @@ fn test_fq2_inverse() {
             0x9ee53e7e84d7532e,
             0x1c202d8ed97afb45,
             0x51d3f9253e2516f,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0xa7348a8b511aedcf,
             0x143c215d8176b319,
@@ -440,8 +432,7 @@ fn test_fq2_inverse() {
             0x9533e4a9a5158be,
             0x7a5e1ecb676d65f9,
             0x180c3ee46656b008,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     };
     let a = a.inverse().unwrap();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -454,8 +445,7 @@ fn test_fq2_inverse() {
                 0xdfba703293941c30,
                 0xa6c3d8f9586f2636,
                 0x1351ef01941b70c4
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x8c39fd76a8312cb4,
                 0x15d7b6b95defbff0,
@@ -463,8 +453,7 @@ fn test_fq2_inverse() {
                 0xcbf651a0f367afb2,
                 0xdf4e54f0d3ef15a6,
                 0x103bdf241afb0019
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -482,8 +471,7 @@ fn test_fq2_addition() {
             0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
             0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
             0xf8d295b2ded9dc,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x977df6efcdaee0db,
             0x946ae52d684fa7ed,
@@ -491,8 +479,7 @@ fn test_fq2_addition() {
             0xb3f8afc0ee248cad,
             0x4e464dea5bcfd41e,
             0x12d1137b8a6a837,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     };
     a.add_assign(&Fq2 {
         c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -502,8 +489,7 @@ fn test_fq2_addition() {
             0x3b88899a42a6318f,
             0x986a4a62fa82a49d,
             0x13ce433fa26027f5,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x66323bf80b58b9b9,
             0xa1379b6facf6e596,
@@ -511,8 +497,7 @@ fn test_fq2_addition() {
             0x2236f55246d0d44d,
             0x4c8c1800eb104566,
             0x11d6e20e986c2085,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     });
     assert_eq!(
         a,
@@ -524,8 +509,7 @@ fn test_fq2_addition() {
                 0xf4ef57d604b6bca2,
                 0x65309427b3d5d090,
                 0x14c715d5553f01d2
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xfdb032e7d9079a94,
                 0x35a2809d15468d83,
@@ -533,8 +517,7 @@ fn test_fq2_addition() {
                 0xd62fa51334f560fa,
                 0x9ad265eb46e01984,
                 0x1303f3465112c8bc
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -552,8 +535,7 @@ fn test_fq2_subtraction() {
             0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
             0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
             0xf8d295b2ded9dc,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x977df6efcdaee0db,
             0x946ae52d684fa7ed,
@@ -561,8 +543,7 @@ fn test_fq2_subtraction() {
             0xb3f8afc0ee248cad,
             0x4e464dea5bcfd41e,
             0x12d1137b8a6a837,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     };
     a.sub_assign(&Fq2 {
         c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -572,8 +553,7 @@ fn test_fq2_subtraction() {
             0x3b88899a42a6318f,
             0x986a4a62fa82a49d,
             0x13ce433fa26027f5,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x66323bf80b58b9b9,
             0xa1379b6facf6e596,
@@ -581,8 +561,7 @@ fn test_fq2_subtraction() {
             0x2236f55246d0d44d,
             0x4c8c1800eb104566,
             0x11d6e20e986c2085,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     });
     assert_eq!(
         a,
@@ -594,8 +573,7 @@ fn test_fq2_subtraction() {
                 0xe255902672ef6c43,
                 0x7f77a718021c342d,
                 0x72ba14049fe9881
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xeb4abaf7c255d1cd,
                 0x11df49bc6cacc256,
@@ -603,8 +581,7 @@ fn test_fq2_subtraction() {
                 0xf63905f39ad8cb1f,
                 0x4cd5dd9fb40b3b8f,
                 0x957411359ba6e4c
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -622,8 +599,7 @@ fn test_fq2_negation() {
             0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
             0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
             0xf8d295b2ded9dc,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x977df6efcdaee0db,
             0x946ae52d684fa7ed,
@@ -631,8 +607,7 @@ fn test_fq2_negation() {
             0xb3f8afc0ee248cad,
             0x4e464dea5bcfd41e,
             0x12d1137b8a6a837,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     };
     a.negate();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -645,8 +620,7 @@ fn test_fq2_negation() {
                 0xab107d49317487ab,
                 0x7e555df189f880e3,
                 0x19083f5486a10cbd
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x228109103250c9d0,
                 0x8a411ad149045812,
@@ -654,8 +628,7 @@ fn test_fq2_negation() {
                 0xb07e9bc405608611,
                 0xfcd559cbe77bd8b8,
                 0x18d400b280d93e62
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -673,8 +646,7 @@ fn test_fq2_doubling() {
             0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
             0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
             0xf8d295b2ded9dc,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x977df6efcdaee0db,
             0x946ae52d684fa7ed,
@@ -682,8 +654,7 @@ fn test_fq2_doubling() {
             0xb3f8afc0ee248cad,
             0x4e464dea5bcfd41e,
             0x12d1137b8a6a837,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     };
     a.double();
     assert_eq!(
@@ -696,8 +667,7 @@ fn test_fq2_doubling() {
                 0x72cd9c7784211627,
                 0x998c938972a657e7,
                 0x1f1a52b65bdb3b9
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x2efbeddf9b5dc1b6,
                 0x28d5ca5ad09f4fdb,
@@ -705,8 +675,7 @@ fn test_fq2_doubling() {
                 0x67f15f81dc49195b,
                 0x9c8c9bd4b79fa83d,
                 0x25a226f714d506e
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -724,8 +693,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
             0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
             0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
             0xf8d295b2ded9dc,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
         c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
             0x977df6efcdaee0db,
             0x946ae52d684fa7ed,
@@ -733,8 +701,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
             0xb3f8afc0ee248cad,
             0x4e464dea5bcfd41e,
             0x12d1137b8a6a837,
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap(),
-        .unwrap(),
     };
     a.frobenius_map(0);
     assert_eq!(
@@ -747,8 +714,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
                 0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
                 0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
                 0xf8d295b2ded9dc
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x977df6efcdaee0db,
                 0x946ae52d684fa7ed,
@@ -756,8 +722,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
                 0xb3f8afc0ee248cad,
                 0x4e464dea5bcfd41e,
                 0x12d1137b8a6a837
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
     a.frobenius_map(1);
@@ -771,8 +736,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
                 0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
                 0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
                 0xf8d295b2ded9dc
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x228109103250c9d0,
                 0x8a411ad149045812,
@@ -780,8 +744,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
                 0xb07e9bc405608611,
                 0xfcd559cbe77bd8b8,
                 0x18d400b280d93e62
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
     a.frobenius_map(1);
@@ -795,8 +758,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
                 0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
                 0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
                 0xf8d295b2ded9dc
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x977df6efcdaee0db,
                 0x946ae52d684fa7ed,
@@ -804,8 +766,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
                 0xb3f8afc0ee248cad,
                 0x4e464dea5bcfd41e,
                 0x12d1137b8a6a837
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
     a.frobenius_map(2);
@@ -819,8 +780,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
                 0xb966ce3bc2108b13,
                 0xccc649c4b9532bf3,
                 0xf8d295b2ded9dc
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0x977df6efcdaee0db,
                 0x946ae52d684fa7ed,
@@ -828,8 +788,7 @@ fn test_fq2_frobenius_map() {
                 0xb3f8afc0ee248cad,
                 0x4e464dea5bcfd41e,
                 0x12d1137b8a6a837
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -848,8 +807,7 @@ fn test_fq2_sqrt() {
                 0xdb4a116b5bf74aa1,
                 0x1e58b2159dfe10e2,
                 0x7ca7da1f13606ac
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xfa8de88b7516d2c3,
                 0x371a75ed14f41629,
@@ -857,10 +815,8 @@ fn test_fq2_sqrt() {
                 0x212611bca4e99121,
                 0x8ee5394d77afb3d,
                 0xec92336650e49d5
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
+        }.sqrt()
-        }
-        .sqrt()
             .unwrap(),
         Fq2 {
             c0: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
@@ -870,8 +826,7 @@ fn test_fq2_sqrt() {
                 0x8d7f1f723d02c1d3,
                 0x881b3e01b611c070,
                 0x10f6963bbad2ebc5
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::from_repr(FqRepr([
                 0xc099534fc209e752,
                 0x7670594665676447,
@@ -879,8 +834,7 @@ fn test_fq2_sqrt() {
                 0x6b852aeaf2afcb1b,
                 0xa4c93b08105d71a9,
                 0x8d7cfff94216330
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 
@@ -893,11 +847,9 @@ fn test_fq2_sqrt() {
                 0x64774b84f38512bf,
                 0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7,
                 0x1a0111ea397fe69a
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
             c1: Fq::zero(),
-        }
+        }.sqrt()
-        .sqrt()
             .unwrap(),
         Fq2 {
             c0: Fq::zero(),
@@ -908,8 +860,7 @@ fn test_fq2_sqrt() {
                 0x64774b84f38512bf,
                 0x4b1ba7b6434bacd7,
                 0x1a0111ea397fe69a
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap(),
-            .unwrap(),
         }
     );
 }
@@ -928,16 +879,11 @@ fn test_fq2_legendre() {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+use rand::{SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-#[cfg(test)]
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq2_mul_nonresidue() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let nqr = Fq2 {
         c0: Fq::one(),
@@ -945,7 +891,7 @@ fn test_fq2_mul_nonresidue() {
     };
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut a = Fq2::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq2::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
         a.mul_by_nonresidue();
         b.mul_assign(&nqr);

pairing/src/bls12_381/fq6.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::fq::{FROBENIUS_COEFF_FQ6_C1, FROBENIUS_COEFF_FQ6_C2};
 use super::fq2::Fq2;
 use ff::Field;
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::{Rand, Rng};
 
 /// An element of Fq6, represented by c0 + c1 * v + c2 * v^(2).
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
@@ -17,6 +17,16 @@ impl ::std::fmt::Display for Fq6 {
     }
 }
 
+impl Rand for Fq6 {
+    fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
+        Fq6 {
+            c0: rng.gen(),
+            c1: rng.gen(),
+            c2: rng.gen(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Fq6 {
     /// Multiply by quadratic nonresidue v.
     pub fn mul_by_nonresidue(&mut self) {
@@ -100,14 +110,6 @@ impl Fq6 {
 }
 
 impl Field for Fq6 {
-    fn random<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> Self {
-        Fq6 {
-            c0: Fq2::random(rng),
-            c1: Fq2::random(rng),
-            c2: Fq2::random(rng),
-        }
-    }
-
     fn zero() -> Self {
         Fq6 {
             c0: Fq2::zero(),
@@ -300,16 +302,11 @@ impl Field for Fq6 {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+use rand::{SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-#[cfg(test)]
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq6_mul_nonresidue() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let nqr = Fq6 {
         c0: Fq2::zero(),
@@ -318,7 +315,7 @@ fn test_fq6_mul_nonresidue() {
     };
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut a = Fq6::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq6::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
         a.mul_by_nonresidue();
         b.mul_assign(&nqr);
@@ -329,20 +326,17 @@ fn test_fq6_mul_nonresidue() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq6_mul_by_1() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let c1 = Fq2::random(&mut rng);
+        let c1 = Fq2::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut a = Fq6::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq6::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
 
         a.mul_by_1(&c1);
         b.mul_assign(&Fq6 {
             c0: Fq2::zero(),
-            c1,
+            c1: c1,
             c2: Fq2::zero(),
         });
 
@@ -352,21 +346,18 @@ fn test_fq6_mul_by_1() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fq6_mul_by_01() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let c0 = Fq2::random(&mut rng);
+        let c0 = Fq2::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c1 = Fq2::random(&mut rng);
+        let c1 = Fq2::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut a = Fq6::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fq6::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
 
         a.mul_by_01(&c0, &c1);
         b.mul_assign(&Fq6 {
-            c0,
+            c0: c0,
-            c1,
+            c1: c1,
             c2: Fq2::zero(),
         });
 

pairing/src/bls12_381/fr.rs

@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ use ff::{Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldDecodingError, PrimeFieldRepr};
 pub struct Fr(FrRepr);
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+use rand::{Rand, SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-#[cfg(test)]
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fr_repr_ordering() {
@@ -199,10 +197,7 @@ fn test_fr_repr_num_bits() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fr_repr_sub_noborrow() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let mut t = FrRepr([
         0x8e62a7e85264e2c3,
@@ -226,7 +221,7 @@ fn test_fr_repr_sub_noborrow() {
     );
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut a = Fr::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let mut a = FrRepr::rand(&mut rng);
         a.0[3] >>= 30;
         let mut b = a;
         for _ in 0..10 {
@@ -301,10 +296,7 @@ fn test_fr_legendre() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fr_repr_add_nocarry() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let mut t = FrRepr([
         0xd64f669809cbc6a4,
@@ -330,9 +322,9 @@ fn test_fr_repr_add_nocarry() {
 
     // Test for the associativity of addition.
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let mut a = Fr::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let mut a = FrRepr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut b = Fr::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let mut b = FrRepr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut c = Fr::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let mut c = FrRepr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         // Unset the first few bits, so that overflow won't occur.
         a.0[3] >>= 3;
@@ -388,28 +380,27 @@ fn test_fr_is_valid() {
     a.0.sub_noborrow(&FrRepr::from(1));
     assert!(a.is_valid());
     assert!(Fr(FrRepr::from(0)).is_valid());
-    assert!(Fr(FrRepr([
+    assert!(
+        Fr(FrRepr([
             0xffffffff00000000,
             0x53bda402fffe5bfe,
             0x3339d80809a1d805,
             0x73eda753299d7d48
-    ]))
+        ])).is_valid()
-    .is_valid());
+    );
-    assert!(!Fr(FrRepr([
+    assert!(
+        !Fr(FrRepr([
             0xffffffffffffffff,
             0xffffffffffffffff,
             0xffffffffffffffff,
             0xffffffffffffffff
-    ]))
+        ])).is_valid()
-    .is_valid());
+    );
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
         assert!(a.is_valid());
     }
 }
@@ -501,16 +492,13 @@ fn test_fr_add_assign() {
 
     // Test associativity
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Generate a, b, c and ensure (a + b) + c == a + (b + c).
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let c = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp1 = a;
         tmp1.add_assign(&b);
@@ -598,15 +586,12 @@ fn test_fr_sub_assign() {
         );
     }
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure that (a - b) + (b - a) = 0.
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp1 = a;
         tmp1.sub_assign(&b);
@@ -642,16 +627,13 @@ fn test_fr_mul_assign() {
         ]))
     );
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000000 {
         // Ensure that (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let c = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp1 = a;
         tmp1.mul_assign(&b);
@@ -667,10 +649,10 @@ fn test_fr_mul_assign() {
     for _ in 0..1000000 {
         // Ensure that r * (a + b + c) = r*a + r*b + r*c
 
-        let r = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let r = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut b = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut b = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let mut c = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut c = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp1 = a;
         tmp1.add_assign(&b);
@@ -705,18 +687,14 @@ fn test_fr_squaring() {
             0xb79a310579e76ec2,
             0xac1da8d0a9af4e5f,
             0x13f629c49bf23e97
-        ]))
+        ])).unwrap()
-        .unwrap()
     );
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000000 {
         // Ensure that (a * a) = a^2
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut tmp = a;
         tmp.square();
@@ -732,16 +710,13 @@ fn test_fr_squaring() {
 fn test_fr_inverse() {
     assert!(Fr::zero().inverse().is_none());
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let one = Fr::one();
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure that a * a^-1 = 1
-        let mut a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
         let ainv = a.inverse().unwrap();
         a.mul_assign(&ainv);
         assert_eq!(a, one);
@@ -750,14 +725,11 @@ fn test_fr_inverse() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fr_double() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure doubling a is equivalent to adding a to itself.
-        let mut a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
         b.add_assign(&a);
         a.double();
@@ -774,14 +746,11 @@ fn test_fr_negate() {
         assert!(a.is_zero());
     }
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure (a - (-a)) = 0.
-        let mut a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
         b.negate();
         a.add_assign(&b);
@@ -792,15 +761,12 @@ fn test_fr_negate() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_fr_pow() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for i in 0..1000 {
         // Exponentiate by various small numbers and ensure it consists with repeated
         // multiplication.
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
         let target = a.pow(&[i]);
         let mut c = Fr::one();
         for _ in 0..i {
@@ -811,7 +777,7 @@ fn test_fr_pow() {
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Exponentiating by the modulus should have no effect in a prime field.
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         assert_eq!(a, a.pow(Fr::char()));
     }
@@ -821,16 +787,13 @@ fn test_fr_pow() {
 fn test_fr_sqrt() {
     use ff::SqrtField;
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     assert_eq!(Fr::zero().sqrt().unwrap(), Fr::zero());
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure sqrt(a^2) = a or -a
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut nega = a;
         nega.negate();
         let mut b = a;
@@ -843,7 +806,7 @@ fn test_fr_sqrt() {
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Ensure sqrt(a)^2 = a for random a
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         if let Some(mut tmp) = a.sqrt() {
             tmp.square();
@@ -856,13 +819,14 @@ fn test_fr_sqrt() {
 #[test]
 fn test_fr_from_into_repr() {
     // r + 1 should not be in the field
-    assert!(Fr::from_repr(FrRepr([
+    assert!(
+        Fr::from_repr(FrRepr([
             0xffffffff00000002,
             0x53bda402fffe5bfe,
             0x3339d80809a1d805,
             0x73eda753299d7d48
-    ]))
+        ])).is_err()
-    .is_err());
+    );
 
     // r should not be in the field
     assert!(Fr::from_repr(Fr::char()).is_err());
@@ -894,14 +858,11 @@ fn test_fr_from_into_repr() {
     // Zero should be in the field.
     assert!(Fr::from_repr(FrRepr::from(0)).unwrap().is_zero());
 
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         // Try to turn Fr elements into representations and back again, and compare.
-        let a = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
         let a_repr = a.into_repr();
         let b_repr = FrRepr::from(a);
         assert_eq!(a_repr, b_repr);
@@ -965,8 +926,7 @@ fn test_fr_display() {
                 0x185ec8eb3f5b5aee,
                 0x684499ffe4b9dd99,
                 0x7c9bba7afb68faa
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap()
-            .unwrap()
         ),
         "Fr(0x07c9bba7afb68faa684499ffe4b9dd99185ec8eb3f5b5aeec3cae746a3b5ecc7)".to_string()
     );
@@ -978,8 +938,7 @@ fn test_fr_display() {
                 0xb0ad10817df79b6a,
                 0xd034a80a2b74132b,
                 0x41cf9a1336f50719
-            ]))
+            ])).unwrap()
-            .unwrap()
         ),
         "Fr(0x41cf9a1336f50719d034a80a2b74132bb0ad10817df79b6a44c71298ff198106)".to_string()
     );
@@ -1023,5 +982,5 @@ fn fr_field_tests() {
 
 #[test]
 fn fr_repr_tests() {
-    ::tests::repr::random_repr_tests::<Fr>();
+    ::tests::repr::random_repr_tests::<FrRepr>();
 }

pairing/src/bls12_381/mod.rs

@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ mod fr;
 mod tests;
 
 pub use self::ec::{
-    G1Affine, G1Compressed, G1Prepared, G1Uncompressed, G2Affine, G2Compressed, G2Prepared,
+    G1, G1Affine, G1Compressed, G1Prepared, G1Uncompressed, G2, G2Affine, G2Compressed, G2Prepared,
-    G2Uncompressed, G1, G2,
+    G2Uncompressed,
 };
 pub use self::fq::{Fq, FqRepr};
 pub use self::fq12::Fq12;

pairing/src/lib.rs

@@ -2,22 +2,19 @@
 // common mistakes or strange code patterns. If the `cargo-clippy` feature
 // is provided, all compiler warnings are prohibited.
 #![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", deny(warnings))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::inline_always))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(inline_always))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::too_many_arguments))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(too_many_arguments))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::unreadable_literal))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(unreadable_literal))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::many_single_char_names))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(many_single_char_names))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::new_without_default))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(new_without_default_derive))]
-#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(clippy::write_literal))]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "cargo-clippy", allow(write_literal))]
 // Force public structures to implement Debug
 #![deny(missing_debug_implementations)]
 
 extern crate byteorder;
 extern crate ff;
 extern crate group;
-extern crate rand_core;
+extern crate rand;
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-extern crate rand_xorshift;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub mod tests;
@@ -37,7 +34,8 @@ pub trait Engine: ScalarEngine {
             Base = Self::Fq,
             Scalar = Self::Fr,
             Affine = Self::G1Affine,
-        > + From<Self::G1Affine>;
+        >
+        + From<Self::G1Affine>;
 
     /// The affine representation of an element in G1.
     type G1Affine: PairingCurveAffine<
@@ -47,7 +45,8 @@ pub trait Engine: ScalarEngine {
             Projective = Self::G1,
             Pair = Self::G2Affine,
             PairingResult = Self::Fqk,
-        > + From<Self::G1>;
+        >
+        + From<Self::G1>;
 
     /// The projective representation of an element in G2.
     type G2: CurveProjective<
@@ -55,7 +54,8 @@ pub trait Engine: ScalarEngine {
             Base = Self::Fqe,
             Scalar = Self::Fr,
             Affine = Self::G2Affine,
-        > + From<Self::G2Affine>;
+        >
+        + From<Self::G2Affine>;
 
     /// The affine representation of an element in G2.
     type G2Affine: PairingCurveAffine<
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@ pub trait Engine: ScalarEngine {
             Projective = Self::G2,
             Pair = Self::G1Affine,
             PairingResult = Self::Fqk,
-        > + From<Self::G2>;
+        >
+        + From<Self::G2>;
 
     /// The base field that hosts G1.
     type Fq: PrimeField + SqrtField;
@@ -96,9 +97,8 @@ pub trait Engine: ScalarEngine {
         G2: Into<Self::G2Affine>,
     {
         Self::final_exponentiation(&Self::miller_loop(
-            [(&(p.into().prepare()), &(q.into().prepare()))].iter(),
+            [(&(p.into().prepare()), &(q.into().prepare()))].into_iter(),
-        ))
+        )).unwrap()
-        .unwrap()
     }
 }
 

pairing/src/tests/engine.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 use group::{CurveAffine, CurveProjective};
-use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+use rand::{Rand, SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 use {Engine, Field, PairingCurveAffine, PrimeField};
 
 pub fn engine_tests<E: Engine>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..10 {
-        let a = E::G1::random(&mut rng).into_affine();
+        let a = E::G1::rand(&mut rng).into_affine();
-        let b = E::G2::random(&mut rng).into_affine();
+        let b = E::G2::rand(&mut rng).into_affine();
 
         assert!(a.pairing_with(&b) == b.pairing_with(&a));
         assert!(a.pairing_with(&b) == E::pairing(a, b));
@@ -22,10 +18,10 @@ pub fn engine_tests<E: Engine>() {
         let z1 = E::G1Affine::zero().prepare();
         let z2 = E::G2Affine::zero().prepare();
 
-        let a = E::G1::random(&mut rng).into_affine().prepare();
+        let a = E::G1::rand(&mut rng).into_affine().prepare();
-        let b = E::G2::random(&mut rng).into_affine().prepare();
+        let b = E::G2::rand(&mut rng).into_affine().prepare();
-        let c = E::G1::random(&mut rng).into_affine().prepare();
+        let c = E::G1::rand(&mut rng).into_affine().prepare();
-        let d = E::G2::random(&mut rng).into_affine().prepare();
+        let d = E::G2::rand(&mut rng).into_affine().prepare();
 
         assert_eq!(
             E::Fqk::one(),
@@ -53,15 +49,12 @@ pub fn engine_tests<E: Engine>() {
 }
 
 fn random_miller_loop_tests<E: Engine>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     // Exercise the miller loop for a reduced pairing
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let a = E::G1::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = E::G1::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = E::G2::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = E::G2::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let p2 = E::pairing(a, b);
 
@@ -75,10 +68,10 @@ fn random_miller_loop_tests<E: Engine>() {
 
     // Exercise a double miller loop
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let a = E::G1::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = E::G1::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = E::G2::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = E::G2::rand(&mut rng);
-        let c = E::G1::random(&mut rng);
+        let c = E::G1::rand(&mut rng);
-        let d = E::G2::random(&mut rng);
+        let d = E::G2::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let ab = E::pairing(a, b);
         let cd = E::pairing(c, d);
@@ -99,17 +92,14 @@ fn random_miller_loop_tests<E: Engine>() {
 }
 
 fn random_bilinearity_tests<E: Engine>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let a = E::G1::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = E::G1::rand(&mut rng);
-        let b = E::G2::random(&mut rng);
+        let b = E::G2::rand(&mut rng);
 
-        let c = E::Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let c = E::Fr::rand(&mut rng);
-        let d = E::Fr::random(&mut rng);
+        let d = E::Fr::rand(&mut rng);
 
         let mut ac = a;
         ac.mul_assign(c);

pairing/src/tests/field.rs

@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 use ff::{Field, LegendreSymbol, PrimeField, SqrtField};
-use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+use rand::{Rng, SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 pub fn random_frobenius_tests<F: Field, C: AsRef<[u64]>>(characteristic: C, maxpower: usize) {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..100 {
         for i in 0..(maxpower + 1) {
-            let mut a = F::random(&mut rng);
+            let mut a = F::rand(&mut rng);
             let mut b = a;
 
             for _ in 0..i {
@@ -24,13 +20,10 @@ pub fn random_frobenius_tests<F: Field, C: AsRef<[u64]>>(characteristic: C, maxp
 }
 
 pub fn random_sqrt_tests<F: SqrtField>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..10000 {
-        let a = F::random(&mut rng);
+        let a = F::rand(&mut rng);
         let mut b = a;
         b.square();
         assert_eq!(b.legendre(), LegendreSymbol::QuadraticResidue);
@@ -61,10 +54,7 @@ pub fn random_sqrt_tests<F: SqrtField>() {
 }
 
 pub fn random_field_tests<F: Field>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     random_multiplication_tests::<F, _>(&mut rng);
     random_addition_tests::<F, _>(&mut rng);
@@ -86,14 +76,14 @@ pub fn random_field_tests<F: Field>() {
 
     // Multiplication by zero
     {
-        let mut a = F::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = F::rand(&mut rng);
         a.mul_assign(&F::zero());
         assert!(a.is_zero());
     }
 
     // Addition by zero
     {
-        let mut a = F::random(&mut rng);
+        let mut a = F::rand(&mut rng);
         let copy = a;
         a.add_assign(&F::zero());
         assert_eq!(a, copy);
@@ -116,13 +106,10 @@ pub fn from_str_tests<F: PrimeField>() {
     }
 
     {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
-            let n = rng.next_u64();
+            let n: u64 = rng.gen();
 
             let a = F::from_str(&format!("{}", n)).unwrap();
             let b = F::from_repr(n.into()).unwrap();
@@ -137,11 +124,11 @@ pub fn from_str_tests<F: PrimeField>() {
     assert!(F::from_str("00000000000").is_none());
 }
 
-fn random_multiplication_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+fn random_multiplication_tests<F: Field, R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) {
     for _ in 0..10000 {
-        let a = F::random(rng);
+        let a = F::rand(rng);
-        let b = F::random(rng);
+        let b = F::rand(rng);
-        let c = F::random(rng);
+        let c = F::rand(rng);
 
         let mut t0 = a; // (a * b) * c
         t0.mul_assign(&b);
@@ -160,11 +147,11 @@ fn random_multiplication_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_addition_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+fn random_addition_tests<F: Field, R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) {
     for _ in 0..10000 {
-        let a = F::random(rng);
+        let a = F::rand(rng);
-        let b = F::random(rng);
+        let b = F::rand(rng);
-        let c = F::random(rng);
+        let c = F::rand(rng);
 
         let mut t0 = a; // (a + b) + c
         t0.add_assign(&b);
@@ -183,10 +170,10 @@ fn random_addition_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_subtraction_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+fn random_subtraction_tests<F: Field, R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) {
     for _ in 0..10000 {
-        let b = F::random(rng);
+        let a = F::rand(rng);
-        let a = F::random(rng);
+        let b = F::rand(rng);
 
         let mut t0 = a; // (a - b)
         t0.sub_assign(&b);
@@ -201,9 +188,9 @@ fn random_subtraction_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_negation_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+fn random_negation_tests<F: Field, R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) {
     for _ in 0..10000 {
-        let a = F::random(rng);
+        let a = F::rand(rng);
         let mut b = a;
         b.negate();
         b.add_assign(&a);
@@ -212,9 +199,9 @@ fn random_negation_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_doubling_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+fn random_doubling_tests<F: Field, R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) {
     for _ in 0..10000 {
-        let mut a = F::random(rng);
+        let mut a = F::rand(rng);
         let mut b = a;
         a.add_assign(&b);
         b.double();
@@ -223,9 +210,9 @@ fn random_doubling_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_squaring_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+fn random_squaring_tests<F: Field, R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) {
     for _ in 0..10000 {
-        let mut a = F::random(rng);
+        let mut a = F::rand(rng);
         let mut b = a;
         a.mul_assign(&b);
         b.square();
@@ -234,11 +221,11 @@ fn random_squaring_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_inversion_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+fn random_inversion_tests<F: Field, R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) {
     assert!(F::zero().inverse().is_none());
 
     for _ in 0..10000 {
-        let mut a = F::random(rng);
+        let mut a = F::rand(rng);
         let b = a.inverse().unwrap(); // probablistically nonzero
         a.mul_assign(&b);
 
@@ -246,14 +233,14 @@ fn random_inversion_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_expansion_tests<F: Field, R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) {
+fn random_expansion_tests<F: Field, R: Rng>(rng: &mut R) {
     for _ in 0..10000 {
         // Compare (a + b)(c + d) and (a*c + b*c + a*d + b*d)
 
-        let a = F::random(rng);
+        let a = F::rand(rng);
-        let b = F::random(rng);
+        let b = F::rand(rng);
-        let c = F::random(rng);
+        let c = F::rand(rng);
-        let d = F::random(rng);
+        let d = F::rand(rng);
 
         let mut t0 = a;
         t0.add_assign(&b);

pairing/src/tests/repr.rs

@@ -1,25 +1,21 @@
-use ff::{PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
+use ff::PrimeFieldRepr;
-use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+use rand::{SeedableRng, XorShiftRng};
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
-pub fn random_repr_tests<P: PrimeField>() {
+pub fn random_repr_tests<R: PrimeFieldRepr>() {
-    random_encoding_tests::<P>();
+    random_encoding_tests::<R>();
-    random_shl_tests::<P>();
+    random_shl_tests::<R>();
-    random_shr_tests::<P>();
+    random_shr_tests::<R>();
 }
 
-fn random_encoding_tests<P: PrimeField>() {
+fn random_encoding_tests<R: PrimeFieldRepr>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let r = P::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let r = R::rand(&mut rng);
 
         // Big endian
         {
-            let mut rdecoded = <P as PrimeField>::Repr::default();
+            let mut rdecoded = R::default();
 
             let mut v: Vec<u8> = vec![];
             r.write_be(&mut v).unwrap();
@@ -30,7 +26,7 @@ fn random_encoding_tests<P: PrimeField>() {
 
         // Little endian
         {
-            let mut rdecoded = <P as PrimeField>::Repr::default();
+            let mut rdecoded = R::default();
 
             let mut v: Vec<u8> = vec![];
             r.write_le(&mut v).unwrap();
@@ -40,8 +36,8 @@ fn random_encoding_tests<P: PrimeField>() {
         }
 
         {
-            let mut rdecoded_le = <P as PrimeField>::Repr::default();
+            let mut rdecoded_le = R::default();
-            let mut rdecoded_be_flip = <P as PrimeField>::Repr::default();
+            let mut rdecoded_be_flip = R::default();
 
             let mut v: Vec<u8> = vec![];
             r.write_le(&mut v).unwrap();
@@ -59,14 +55,11 @@ fn random_encoding_tests<P: PrimeField>() {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_shl_tests<P: PrimeField>() {
+fn random_shl_tests<R: PrimeFieldRepr>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..100 {
-        let r = P::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let r = R::rand(&mut rng);
 
         for shift in 0..(r.num_bits() + 1) {
             let mut r1 = r;
@@ -83,14 +76,11 @@ fn random_shl_tests<P: PrimeField>() {
     }
 }
 
-fn random_shr_tests<P: PrimeField>() {
+fn random_shr_tests<R: PrimeFieldRepr>() {
-    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..100 {
-        let r = P::random(&mut rng).into_repr();
+        let r = R::rand(&mut rng);
 
         for shift in 0..(r.num_bits() + 1) {
             let mut r1 = r;

sapling-crypto/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+/target/
+**/*.rs.bk
+Cargo.lock

sapling-crypto/COPYRIGHT

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Copyrights in the "sapling-crypto" library are retained by their contributors. No
+copyright assignment is required to contribute to the "sapling-crypto" library.
+
+The "sapling-crypto" library is licensed under either of
+
+ * Apache License, Version 2.0, (see ./LICENSE-APACHE or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
+ * MIT license (see ./LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+
+at your option.
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally
+submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0
+license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or
+conditions.

sapling-crypto/Cargo.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[package]
+authors = ["The Hush Developers", "Sean Bowe <sean@z.cash>"]
+description = "Cryptographic library for Zcash Sapling"
+documentation = "https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/sapling"
+homepage = "https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/sapling"
+license = "GPLv3 or later"
+name = "sapling-crypto"
+repository = "https://github.com/zcash-hackworks/sapling"
+version = "0.0.1"
+
+[dependencies.pairing]
+path = "../pairing"
+features = ["expose-arith"]
+
+[dependencies]
+bellman = { path = "../bellman" }
+ff = { path = "../ff" }
+rand = "0.4"
+digest = "0.7"
+byteorder = "1"
+
+[dependencies.blake2-rfc]
+git = "https://git.hush.is/hush/blake2-rfc"
+rev = "a3adc1d6859b887457c6ae4821ddad1802dad784"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+hex-literal = "0.1"
+rust-crypto = "0.2"

sapling-crypto/LICENSE-APACHE

@@ -199,4 +199,3 @@ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
-

sapling-crypto/LICENSE-MIT

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

sapling-crypto/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# sapling-crypto
+
+This repository contains a (work-in-progress) implementation of Zcash's "Sapling" cryptography.
+
+## Security Warnings
+
+This library is currently under development and has not been reviewed.
+
+## License
+
+Licensed under either of
+
+ * Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
+ * MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
+
+at your option.
+
+### Contribution
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally
+submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0
+license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or
+conditions.

sapling-crypto/benches/pedersen_hash.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#![feature(test)]
+
+extern crate rand;
+extern crate test;
+extern crate pairing;
+extern crate sapling_crypto;
+
+use rand::{Rand, thread_rng};
+use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
+use sapling_crypto::jubjub::JubjubBls12;
+use sapling_crypto::pedersen_hash::{pedersen_hash, Personalization};
+
+#[bench]
+fn bench_pedersen_hash(b: &mut test::Bencher) {
+    let params = JubjubBls12::new();
+    let rng = &mut thread_rng();
+    let bits = (0..510).map(|_| bool::rand(rng)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    let personalization = Personalization::MerkleTree(31);
+
+    b.iter(|| {
+        pedersen_hash::<Bls12, _>(personalization, bits.clone(), &params)
+    });
+}

sapling-crypto/examples/bench.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+extern crate sapling_crypto;
+extern crate bellman;
+extern crate rand;
+extern crate pairing;
+
+use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+use sapling_crypto::jubjub::{
+    JubjubBls12,
+    edwards,
+    fs,
+};
+use sapling_crypto::circuit::sapling::{
+    Spend
+};
+use sapling_crypto::primitives::{
+    Diversifier,
+    ProofGenerationKey,
+    ValueCommitment
+};
+use bellman::groth16::*;
+use rand::{XorShiftRng, SeedableRng, Rng};
+use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
+
+const TREE_DEPTH: usize = 32;
+
+fn main() {
+    let jubjub_params = &JubjubBls12::new();
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
+
+    println!("Creating sample parameters...");
+    let groth_params = generate_random_parameters::<Bls12, _, _>(
+        Spend {
+            params: jubjub_params,
+            value_commitment: None,
+            proof_generation_key: None,
+            payment_address: None,
+            commitment_randomness: None,
+            ar: None,
+            auth_path: vec![None; TREE_DEPTH],
+            anchor: None
+        },
+        rng
+    ).unwrap();
+
+    const SAMPLES: u32 = 50;
+
+    let mut total_time = Duration::new(0, 0);
+    for _ in 0..SAMPLES {
+        let value_commitment = ValueCommitment {
+            value: 1,
+            randomness: rng.gen()
+        };
+
+        let nsk: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
+        let ak = edwards::Point::rand(rng, jubjub_params).mul_by_cofactor(jubjub_params);
+
+        let proof_generation_key = ProofGenerationKey {
+            ak: ak.clone(),
+            nsk: nsk.clone()
+        };
+
+        let viewing_key = proof_generation_key.into_viewing_key(jubjub_params);
+
+        let payment_address;
+
+        loop {
+            let diversifier = Diversifier(rng.gen());
+
+            if let Some(p) = viewing_key.into_payment_address(
+                diversifier,
+                jubjub_params
+            )
+            {
+                payment_address = p;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        let commitment_randomness: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
+        let auth_path = vec![Some((rng.gen(), rng.gen())); TREE_DEPTH];
+        let ar: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
+        let anchor: Fr = rng.gen();
+
+        let start = Instant::now();
+        let _ = create_random_proof(Spend {
+            params: jubjub_params,
+            value_commitment: Some(value_commitment),
+            proof_generation_key: Some(proof_generation_key),
+            payment_address: Some(payment_address),
+            commitment_randomness: Some(commitment_randomness),
+            ar: Some(ar),
+            auth_path: auth_path,
+            anchor: Some(anchor)
+        }, &groth_params, rng).unwrap();
+        total_time += start.elapsed();
+    }
+    let avg = total_time / SAMPLES;
+    let avg = avg.subsec_nanos() as f64 / 1_000_000_000f64
+              + (avg.as_secs() as f64);
+
+    println!("Average proving time (in seconds): {}", avg);
+}

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/blake2s.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,19 @@
-use pairing::Engine;
+use pairing::{
+    Engine,
+};
 
-use crate::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
+use bellman::{
+    SynthesisError,
+    ConstraintSystem
+};
 
-use super::boolean::Boolean;
+use super::boolean::{
+    Boolean
+};
 
-use super::uint32::UInt32;
+use super::uint32::{
+    UInt32
+};
 
 use super::multieq::MultiEq;
 
@@ -56,7 +65,7 @@ const SIGMA: [[usize; 16]; 10] = [
     [12, 5, 1, 15, 14, 13, 4, 10, 0, 7, 6, 3, 9, 2, 8, 11],
     [13, 11, 7, 14, 12, 1, 3, 9, 5, 0, 15, 4, 8, 6, 2, 10],
     [6, 15, 14, 9, 11, 3, 0, 8, 12, 2, 13, 7, 1, 4, 10, 5],
-    [10, 2, 8, 4, 7, 6, 1, 5, 15, 11, 9, 14, 3, 12, 13, 0],
+    [10, 2, 8, 4, 7, 6, 1, 5, 15, 11, 9, 14, 3, 12, 13, 0]
 ];
 
 /*
@@ -89,30 +98,17 @@ fn mixing_g<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>, M>(
     c: usize,
     d: usize,
     x: &UInt32,
-    y: &UInt32,
+    y: &UInt32
 ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
-where
+    where M: ConstraintSystem<E, Root=MultiEq<E, CS>>
-    M: ConstraintSystem<E, Root = MultiEq<E, CS>>,
 {
-    v[a] = UInt32::addmany(
+    v[a] = UInt32::addmany(cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 1"), &[v[a].clone(), v[b].clone(), x.clone()])?;
-        cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 1"),
-        &[v[a].clone(), v[b].clone(), x.clone()],
-    )?;
     v[d] = v[d].xor(cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 2"), &v[a])?.rotr(R1);
-    v[c] = UInt32::addmany(
+    v[c] = UInt32::addmany(cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 3"), &[v[c].clone(), v[d].clone()])?;
-        cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 3"),
-        &[v[c].clone(), v[d].clone()],
-    )?;
     v[b] = v[b].xor(cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 4"), &v[c])?.rotr(R2);
-    v[a] = UInt32::addmany(
+    v[a] = UInt32::addmany(cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 5"), &[v[a].clone(), v[b].clone(), y.clone()])?;
-        cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 5"),
-        &[v[a].clone(), v[b].clone(), y.clone()],
-    )?;
     v[d] = v[d].xor(cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 6"), &v[a])?.rotr(R3);
-    v[c] = UInt32::addmany(
+    v[c] = UInt32::addmany(cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 7"), &[v[c].clone(), v[d].clone()])?;
-        cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 7"),
-        &[v[c].clone(), v[d].clone()],
-    )?;
     v[b] = v[b].xor(cs.namespace(|| "mixing step 8"), &v[c])?.rotr(R4);
 
     Ok(())
@@ -166,13 +162,15 @@ where
        END FUNCTION.
 */
 
+
 fn blake2s_compression<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
     mut cs: CS,
     h: &mut [UInt32],
     m: &[UInt32],
     t: u64,
-    f: bool,
+    f: bool
-) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+{
     assert_eq!(h.len(), 8);
     assert_eq!(m.len(), 16);
 
@@ -198,16 +196,10 @@ fn blake2s_compression<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
     assert_eq!(v.len(), 16);
 
     v[12] = v[12].xor(cs.namespace(|| "first xor"), &UInt32::constant(t as u32))?;
-    v[13] = v[13].xor(
+    v[13] = v[13].xor(cs.namespace(|| "second xor"), &UInt32::constant((t >> 32) as u32))?;
-        cs.namespace(|| "second xor"),
-        &UInt32::constant((t >> 32) as u32),
-    )?;
 
     if f {
-        v[14] = v[14].xor(
+        v[14] = v[14].xor(cs.namespace(|| "third xor"), &UInt32::constant(u32::max_value()))?;
-            cs.namespace(|| "third xor"),
-            &UInt32::constant(u32::max_value()),
-        )?;
     }
 
     {
@@ -218,87 +210,15 @@ fn blake2s_compression<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
 
             let s = SIGMA[i % 10];
 
-            mixing_g(
+            mixing_g(cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 1"), &mut v, 0, 4,  8, 12, &m[s[ 0]], &m[s[ 1]])?;
-                cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 1"),
+            mixing_g(cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 2"), &mut v, 1, 5,  9, 13, &m[s[ 2]], &m[s[ 3]])?;
-                &mut v,
+            mixing_g(cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 3"), &mut v, 2, 6, 10, 14, &m[s[ 4]], &m[s[ 5]])?;
-                0,
+            mixing_g(cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 4"), &mut v, 3, 7, 11, 15, &m[s[ 6]], &m[s[ 7]])?;
-                4,
-                8,
-                12,
-                &m[s[0]],
-                &m[s[1]],
-            )?;
-            mixing_g(
-                cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 2"),
-                &mut v,
-                1,
-                5,
-                9,
-                13,
-                &m[s[2]],
-                &m[s[3]],
-            )?;
-            mixing_g(
-                cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 3"),
-                &mut v,
-                2,
-                6,
-                10,
-                14,
-                &m[s[4]],
-                &m[s[5]],
-            )?;
-            mixing_g(
-                cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 4"),
-                &mut v,
-                3,
-                7,
-                11,
-                15,
-                &m[s[6]],
-                &m[s[7]],
-            )?;
 
-            mixing_g(
+            mixing_g(cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 5"), &mut v, 0, 5, 10, 15, &m[s[ 8]], &m[s[ 9]])?;
-                cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 5"),
+            mixing_g(cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 6"), &mut v, 1, 6, 11, 12, &m[s[10]], &m[s[11]])?;
-                &mut v,
+            mixing_g(cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 7"), &mut v, 2, 7,  8, 13, &m[s[12]], &m[s[13]])?;
-                0,
+            mixing_g(cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 8"), &mut v, 3, 4,  9, 14, &m[s[14]], &m[s[15]])?;
-                5,
-                10,
-                15,
-                &m[s[8]],
-                &m[s[9]],
-            )?;
-            mixing_g(
-                cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 6"),
-                &mut v,
-                1,
-                6,
-                11,
-                12,
-                &m[s[10]],
-                &m[s[11]],
-            )?;
-            mixing_g(
-                cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 7"),
-                &mut v,
-                2,
-                7,
-                8,
-                13,
-                &m[s[12]],
-                &m[s[13]],
-            )?;
-            mixing_g(
-                cs.namespace(|| "mixing invocation 8"),
-                &mut v,
-                3,
-                4,
-                9,
-                14,
-                &m[s[14]],
-                &m[s[15]],
-            )?;
         }
     }
 
@@ -342,8 +262,9 @@ fn blake2s_compression<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
 pub fn blake2s<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
     mut cs: CS,
     input: &[Boolean],
-    personalization: &[u8],
+    personalization: &[u8]
-) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError> {
+) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+{
     use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian};
 
     assert_eq!(personalization.len(), 8);
@@ -358,12 +279,8 @@ pub fn blake2s<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
     h.push(UInt32::constant(0x9B05688C));
 
     // Personalization is stored here
-    h.push(UInt32::constant(
+    h.push(UInt32::constant(0x1F83D9AB ^ LittleEndian::read_u32(&personalization[0..4])));
-        0x1F83D9AB ^ LittleEndian::read_u32(&personalization[0..4]),
+    h.push(UInt32::constant(0x5BE0CD19 ^ LittleEndian::read_u32(&personalization[4..8])));
-    ));
-    h.push(UInt32::constant(
-        0x5BE0CD19 ^ LittleEndian::read_u32(&personalization[4..8]),
-    ));
 
     let mut blocks: Vec<Vec<UInt32>> = vec![];
 
@@ -395,13 +312,7 @@ pub fn blake2s<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
     {
         let cs = cs.namespace(|| "final block");
 
-        blake2s_compression(
+        blake2s_compression(cs, &mut h, &blocks[blocks.len() - 1], (input.len() / 8) as u64, true)?;
-            cs,
-            &mut h,
-            &blocks[blocks.len() - 1],
-            (input.len() / 8) as u64,
-            true,
-        )?;
     }
 
     Ok(h.iter().flat_map(|b| b.into_bits()).collect())
@@ -409,15 +320,13 @@ pub fn blake2s<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use blake2s_simd::Params as Blake2sParams;
+    use rand::{XorShiftRng, SeedableRng, Rng};
-    use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
+    use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12};
-    use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+    use ::circuit::boolean::{Boolean, AllocatedBit};
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
+    use ::circuit::test::TestConstraintSystem;
-
     use super::blake2s;
-    use crate::gadgets::boolean::{AllocatedBit, Boolean};
+    use bellman::{ConstraintSystem};
-    use crate::gadgets::test::TestConstraintSystem;
+    use blake2_rfc::blake2s::Blake2s;
-    use crate::ConstraintSystem;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_blank_hash() {
@@ -445,13 +354,7 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn test_blake2s_constraints() {
         let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
-        let input_bits: Vec<_> = (0..512)
+        let input_bits: Vec<_> = (0..512).map(|i| AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| format!("input bit {}", i)), Some(true)).unwrap().into()).collect();
-            .map(|i| {
-                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| format!("input bit {}", i)), Some(true))
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .into()
-            })
-            .collect();
         blake2s(&mut cs, &input_bits, b"12345678").unwrap();
         assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
         assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints(), 21518);
@@ -463,17 +366,11 @@ mod test {
         // doesn't result in more constraints.
 
         let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
         let input_bits: Vec<_> = (0..512)
-            .map(|_| Boolean::constant(rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0))
+          .map(|_| Boolean::constant(rng.gen()))
-            .chain((0..512).map(|i| {
+          .chain((0..512)
-                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| format!("input bit {}", i)), Some(true))
+                        .map(|i| AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| format!("input bit {}", i)), Some(true)).unwrap().into()))
-                    .unwrap()
-                    .into()
-            }))
           .collect();
         blake2s(&mut cs, &input_bits, b"12345678").unwrap();
         assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
@@ -483,31 +380,21 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn test_blake2s_constant_constraints() {
         let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
+        let input_bits: Vec<_> = (0..512).map(|_| Boolean::constant(rng.gen())).collect();
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
-        let input_bits: Vec<_> = (0..512)
-            .map(|_| Boolean::constant(rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0))
-            .collect();
         blake2s(&mut cs, &input_bits, b"12345678").unwrap();
         assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints(), 0);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_blake2s() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
-        for input_len in (0..32).chain((32..256).filter(|a| a % 8 == 0)) {
+        for input_len in (0..32).chain((32..256).filter(|a| a % 8 == 0))
-            let mut h = Blake2sParams::new()
+        {
-                .hash_length(32)
+            let mut h = Blake2s::with_params(32, &[], &[], b"12345678");
-                .personal(b"12345678")
-                .to_state();
 
-            let data: Vec<u8> = (0..input_len).map(|_| rng.next_u32() as u8).collect();
+            let data: Vec<u8> = (0..input_len).map(|_| rng.gen()).collect();
 
             h.update(&data);
 
@@ -521,11 +408,7 @@ mod test {
                 for bit_i in 0..8 {
                     let cs = cs.namespace(|| format!("input bit {} {}", byte_i, bit_i));
 
-                    input_bits.push(
+                    input_bits.push(AllocatedBit::alloc(cs, Some((input_byte >> bit_i) & 1u8 == 1u8)).unwrap().into());
-                        AllocatedBit::alloc(cs, Some((input_byte >> bit_i) & 1u8 == 1u8))
-                            .unwrap()
-                            .into(),
-                    );
                 }
             }
 
@@ -533,19 +416,17 @@ mod test {
 
             assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
 
-            let mut s = hash_result
+            let mut s = hash_result.as_ref().iter()
-                .as_ref()
-                .iter()
                                             .flat_map(|&byte| (0..8).map(move |i| (byte >> i) & 1u8 == 1u8));
 
             for b in r {
                 match b {
                     Boolean::Is(b) => {
                         assert!(s.next().unwrap() == b.get_value().unwrap());
-                    }
+                    },
                     Boolean::Not(b) => {
                         assert!(s.next().unwrap() != b.get_value().unwrap());
-                    }
+                    },
                     Boolean::Constant(b) => {
                         assert!(input_len == 0);
                         assert!(s.next().unwrap() == b);

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/lookup.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
 use ff::Field;
 use pairing::Engine;
 
-use super::boolean::Boolean;
-use super::num::{AllocatedNum, Num};
 use super::*;
-use crate::ConstraintSystem;
+use super::num::{
+    AllocatedNum,
+    Num
+};
+use super::boolean::Boolean;
+use bellman::{
+    ConstraintSystem
+};
 
 // Synthesize the constants for each base pattern.
-fn synth<'a, E: Engine, I>(window_size: usize, constants: I, assignment: &mut [E::Fr])
+fn synth<'a, E: Engine, I>(
-where
+    window_size: usize,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a E::Fr>,
+    constants: I,
+    assignment: &mut [E::Fr]
+)
+    where I: IntoIterator<Item=&'a E::Fr>
 {
     assert_eq!(assignment.len(), 1 << window_size);
 
@@ -31,20 +39,16 @@ where
 pub fn lookup3_xy<E: Engine, CS>(
     mut cs: CS,
     bits: &[Boolean],
-    coords: &[(E::Fr, E::Fr)],
+    coords: &[(E::Fr, E::Fr)]
 ) -> Result<(AllocatedNum<E>, AllocatedNum<E>), SynthesisError>
-where
+    where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     assert_eq!(bits.len(), 3);
     assert_eq!(coords.len(), 8);
 
     // Calculate the index into `coords`
-    let i = match (
+    let i =
-        bits[0].get_value(),
+    match (bits[0].get_value(), bits[1].get_value(), bits[2].get_value()) {
-        bits[1].get_value(),
-        bits[2].get_value(),
-    ) {
         (Some(a_value), Some(b_value), Some(c_value)) => {
             let mut tmp = 0;
             if a_value {
@@ -57,15 +61,25 @@ where
                 tmp += 4;
             }
             Some(tmp)
-        }
+        },
-        _ => None,
+        _ => None
     };
 
     // Allocate the x-coordinate resulting from the lookup
-    let res_x = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "x"), || Ok(coords[*i.get()?].0))?;
+    let res_x = AllocatedNum::alloc(
+        cs.namespace(|| "x"),
+        || {
+            Ok(coords[*i.get()?].0)
+        }
+    )?;
 
     // Allocate the y-coordinate resulting from the lookup
-    let res_y = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "y"), || Ok(coords[*i.get()?].1))?;
+    let res_y = AllocatedNum::alloc(
+        cs.namespace(|| "y"),
+        || {
+            Ok(coords[*i.get()?].1)
+        }
+    )?;
 
     // Compute the coefficients for the lookup constraints
     let mut x_coeffs = [E::Fr::zero(); 8];
@@ -79,38 +93,30 @@ where
 
     cs.enforce(
         || "x-coordinate lookup",
-        |lc| {
+        |lc| lc + (x_coeffs[0b001], one)
-            lc + (x_coeffs[0b001], one)
                 + &bits[1].lc::<E>(one, x_coeffs[0b011])
                 + &bits[2].lc::<E>(one, x_coeffs[0b101])
-                + &precomp.lc::<E>(one, x_coeffs[0b111])
+                + &precomp.lc::<E>(one, x_coeffs[0b111]),
-        },
         |lc| lc + &bits[0].lc::<E>(one, E::Fr::one()),
-        |lc| {
+        |lc| lc + res_x.get_variable()
-            lc + res_x.get_variable()
                 - (x_coeffs[0b000], one)
                 - &bits[1].lc::<E>(one, x_coeffs[0b010])
                 - &bits[2].lc::<E>(one, x_coeffs[0b100])
-                - &precomp.lc::<E>(one, x_coeffs[0b110])
+                - &precomp.lc::<E>(one, x_coeffs[0b110]),
-        },
     );
 
     cs.enforce(
         || "y-coordinate lookup",
-        |lc| {
+        |lc| lc + (y_coeffs[0b001], one)
-            lc + (y_coeffs[0b001], one)
                 + &bits[1].lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b011])
                 + &bits[2].lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b101])
-                + &precomp.lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b111])
+                + &precomp.lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b111]),
-        },
         |lc| lc + &bits[0].lc::<E>(one, E::Fr::one()),
-        |lc| {
+        |lc| lc + res_y.get_variable()
-            lc + res_y.get_variable()
                 - (y_coeffs[0b000], one)
                 - &bits[1].lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b010])
                 - &bits[2].lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b100])
-                - &precomp.lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b110])
+                - &precomp.lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b110]),
-        },
     );
 
     Ok((res_x, res_y))
@@ -121,16 +127,16 @@ where
 pub fn lookup3_xy_with_conditional_negation<E: Engine, CS>(
     mut cs: CS,
     bits: &[Boolean],
-    coords: &[(E::Fr, E::Fr)],
+    coords: &[(E::Fr, E::Fr)]
 ) -> Result<(Num<E>, Num<E>), SynthesisError>
-where
+    where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     assert_eq!(bits.len(), 3);
     assert_eq!(coords.len(), 4);
 
     // Calculate the index into `coords`
-    let i = match (bits[0].get_value(), bits[1].get_value()) {
+    let i =
+    match (bits[0].get_value(), bits[1].get_value()) {
         (Some(a_value), Some(b_value)) => {
             let mut tmp = 0;
             if a_value {
@@ -140,19 +146,22 @@ where
                 tmp += 2;
             }
             Some(tmp)
-        }
+        },
-        _ => None,
+        _ => None
     };
 
     // Allocate the y-coordinate resulting from the lookup
     // and conditional negation
-    let y = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "y"), || {
+    let y = AllocatedNum::alloc(
+        cs.namespace(|| "y"),
+        || {
             let mut tmp = coords[*i.get()?].1;
             if *bits[2].get_value().get()? {
                 tmp.negate();
             }
             Ok(tmp)
-    })?;
+        }
+    )?;
 
     let one = CS::one();
 
@@ -170,16 +179,16 @@ where
             .add_bool_with_coeff(one, &bits[1], x_coeffs[0b10])
             .add_bool_with_coeff(one, &precomp, x_coeffs[0b11]);
 
-    let y_lc = precomp.lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b11])
+    let y_lc = precomp.lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b11]) +
-        + &bits[1].lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b10])
+               &bits[1].lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b10]) +
-        + &bits[0].lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b01])
+               &bits[0].lc::<E>(one, y_coeffs[0b01]) +
-        + (y_coeffs[0b00], one);
+               (y_coeffs[0b00], one);
 
     cs.enforce(
         || "y-coordinate lookup",
         |lc| lc + &y_lc + &y_lc,
         |lc| lc + &bits[2].lc::<E>(one, E::Fr::one()),
-        |lc| lc + &y_lc - y.get_variable(),
+        |lc| lc + &y_lc - y.get_variable()
     );
 
     Ok((x, y.into()))
@@ -187,52 +196,46 @@ where
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
+    use rand::{SeedableRng, Rand, Rng, XorShiftRng};
     use super::*;
-    use crate::gadgets::boolean::{AllocatedBit, Boolean};
+    use ::circuit::test::*;
-    use crate::gadgets::test::*;
+    use ::circuit::boolean::{Boolean, AllocatedBit};
     use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
-    use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_lookup3_xy() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0656]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..100 {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a_val = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
+            let a_val = rng.gen();
-            let a = Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), Some(a_val)).unwrap());
+            let a = Boolean::from(
+                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), Some(a_val)).unwrap()
+            );
 
-            let b_val = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
+            let b_val = rng.gen();
-            let b = Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), Some(b_val)).unwrap());
+            let b = Boolean::from(
+                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), Some(b_val)).unwrap()
+            );
 
-            let c_val = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
+            let c_val = rng.gen();
-            let c = Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "c"), Some(c_val)).unwrap());
+            let c = Boolean::from(
+                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "c"), Some(c_val)).unwrap()
+            );
 
             let bits = vec![a, b, c];
 
-            let points: Vec<(Fr, Fr)> = (0..8)
+            let points: Vec<(Fr, Fr)> = (0..8).map(|_| (rng.gen(), rng.gen())).collect();
-                .map(|_| (Fr::random(&mut rng), Fr::random(&mut rng)))
-                .collect();
 
             let res = lookup3_xy(&mut cs, &bits, &points).unwrap();
 
             assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
 
             let mut index = 0;
-            if a_val {
+            if a_val { index += 1 }
-                index += 1
+            if b_val { index += 2 }
-            }
+            if c_val { index += 4 }
-            if b_val {
-                index += 2
-            }
-            if c_val {
-                index += 4
-            }
 
             assert_eq!(res.0.get_value().unwrap(), points[index].0);
             assert_eq!(res.1.get_value().unwrap(), points[index].1);
@@ -241,63 +244,53 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_lookup3_xy_with_conditional_negation() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..100 {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a_val = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
+            let a_val = rng.gen();
-            let a = Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), Some(a_val)).unwrap());
+            let a = Boolean::from(
+                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), Some(a_val)).unwrap()
+            );
 
-            let b_val = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
+            let b_val = rng.gen();
-            let b = Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), Some(b_val)).unwrap());
+            let b = Boolean::from(
+                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), Some(b_val)).unwrap()
+            );
 
-            let c_val = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
+            let c_val = rng.gen();
-            let c = Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "c"), Some(c_val)).unwrap());
+            let c = Boolean::from(
+                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "c"), Some(c_val)).unwrap()
+            );
 
             let bits = vec![a, b, c];
 
-            let points: Vec<(Fr, Fr)> = (0..4)
+            let points: Vec<(Fr, Fr)> = (0..4).map(|_| (rng.gen(), rng.gen())).collect();
-                .map(|_| (Fr::random(&mut rng), Fr::random(&mut rng)))
-                .collect();
 
             let res = lookup3_xy_with_conditional_negation(&mut cs, &bits, &points).unwrap();
 
             assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
 
             let mut index = 0;
-            if a_val {
+            if a_val { index += 1 }
-                index += 1
+            if b_val { index += 2 }
-            }
-            if b_val {
-                index += 2
-            }
 
             assert_eq!(res.0.get_value().unwrap(), points[index].0);
             let mut tmp = points[index].1;
-            if c_val {
+            if c_val { tmp.negate() }
-                tmp.negate()
-            }
             assert_eq!(res.1.get_value().unwrap(), tmp);
         }
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_synth() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         let window_size = 4;
 
         let mut assignment = vec![Fr::zero(); 1 << window_size];
-        let constants: Vec<_> = (0..(1 << window_size))
+        let constants: Vec<_> = (0..(1 << window_size)).map(|_| Fr::rand(&mut rng)).collect();
-            .map(|_| Fr::random(&mut rng))
-            .collect();
 
         synth::<Bls12, _>(window_size, &constants, &mut assignment);
 

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/mod.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,23 @@
+#[cfg(test)]
 pub mod test;
 
-pub mod blake2s;
 pub mod boolean;
-pub mod lookup;
 pub mod multieq;
-pub mod multipack;
-pub mod num;
-pub mod sha256;
 pub mod uint32;
+pub mod blake2s;
+pub mod num;
+pub mod lookup;
+pub mod ecc;
+pub mod pedersen_hash;
+pub mod multipack;
+pub mod sha256;
 
-use crate::SynthesisError;
+pub mod sapling;
+pub mod sprout;
+
+use bellman::{
+    SynthesisError
+};
 
 // TODO: This should probably be removed and we
 // should use existing helper methods on `Option`
@@ -17,7 +25,7 @@ use crate::SynthesisError;
 /// This basically is just an extension to `Option`
 /// which allows for a convenient mapping to an
 /// error on `None`.
-pub trait Assignment<T> {
+trait Assignment<T> {
     fn get(&self) -> Result<&T, SynthesisError>;
 }
 
@@ -25,7 +33,7 @@ impl<T> Assignment<T> for Option<T> {
     fn get(&self) -> Result<&T, SynthesisError> {
         match *self {
             Some(ref v) => Ok(v),
-            None => Err(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing),
+            None => Err(SynthesisError::AssignmentMissing)
         }
     }
 }

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/multieq.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
 use ff::{Field, PrimeField};
 use pairing::Engine;
 
-use crate::{ConstraintSystem, LinearCombination, SynthesisError, Variable};
+use bellman::{
+    SynthesisError,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    LinearCombination,
+    Variable
+};
 
 pub struct MultiEq<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>{
     cs: CS,
@@ -18,11 +23,12 @@ impl<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> MultiEq<E, CS> {
             ops: 0,
             bits_used: 0,
             lhs: LinearCombination::zero(),
-            rhs: LinearCombination::zero(),
+            rhs: LinearCombination::zero()
         }
     }
 
-    fn accumulate(&mut self) {
+    fn accumulate(&mut self)
+    {
         let ops = self.ops;
         let lhs = self.lhs.clone();
         let rhs = self.rhs.clone();
@@ -30,7 +36,7 @@ impl<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> MultiEq<E, CS> {
             || format!("multieq {}", ops),
             |_| lhs,
             |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-            |_| rhs,
+            |_| rhs
         );
         self.lhs = LinearCombination::zero();
         self.rhs = LinearCombination::zero();
@@ -42,8 +48,9 @@ impl<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> MultiEq<E, CS> {
         &mut self,
         num_bits: usize,
         lhs: &LinearCombination<E>,
-        rhs: &LinearCombination<E>,
+        rhs: &LinearCombination<E>
-    ) {
+    )
+    {
         // Check if we will exceed the capacity
         if (E::Fr::CAPACITY as usize) <= (self.bits_used + num_bits) {
             self.accumulate();
@@ -66,55 +73,62 @@ impl<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> Drop for MultiEq<E, CS> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> ConstraintSystem<E> for MultiEq<E, CS> {
+impl<E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>> ConstraintSystem<E> for MultiEq<E, CS>
+{
     type Root = Self;
 
     fn one() -> Variable {
         CS::one()
     }
 
-    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         self.cs.alloc(annotation, f)
     }
 
-    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         self.cs.alloc_input(annotation, f)
     }
 
-    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(&mut self, annotation: A, a: LA, b: LB, c: LC)
+    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        annotation: A,
-        AR: Into<String>,
+        a: LA,
+        b: LB,
+        c: LC
+    )
+        where A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>,
               LA: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
               LB: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
-        LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
+              LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>
     {
         self.cs.enforce(annotation, a, b, c)
     }
 
     fn push_namespace<NR, N>(&mut self, name_fn: N)
-    where
+        where NR: Into<String>, N: FnOnce() -> NR
-        NR: Into<String>,
-        N: FnOnce() -> NR,
     {
         self.cs.get_root().push_namespace(name_fn)
     }
 
-    fn pop_namespace(&mut self) {
+    fn pop_namespace(&mut self)
+    {
         self.cs.get_root().pop_namespace()
     }
 
-    fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root {
+    fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root
+    {
         self
     }
 }

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/multipack.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+use ff::{Field, PrimeField};
+use pairing::Engine;
+use bellman::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
+use super::boolean::{Boolean};
+use super::num::Num;
+use super::Assignment;
+
+/// Takes a sequence of booleans and exposes them as compact
+/// public inputs
+pub fn pack_into_inputs<E, CS>(
+    mut cs: CS,
+    bits: &[Boolean]
+) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
+{
+    for (i, bits) in bits.chunks(E::Fr::CAPACITY as usize).enumerate()
+    {
+        let mut num = Num::<E>::zero();
+        let mut coeff = E::Fr::one();
+        for bit in bits {
+            num = num.add_bool_with_coeff(CS::one(), bit, coeff);
+
+            coeff.double();
+        }
+
+        let input = cs.alloc_input(|| format!("input {}", i), || {
+            Ok(*num.get_value().get()?)
+        })?;
+
+        // num * 1 = input
+        cs.enforce(
+            || format!("packing constraint {}", i),
+            |_| num.lc(E::Fr::one()),
+            |lc| lc + CS::one(),
+            |lc| lc + input
+        );
+    }
+
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+pub fn bytes_to_bits(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<bool>
+{
+    bytes.iter()
+         .flat_map(|&v| (0..8).rev().map(move |i| (v >> i) & 1 == 1))
+         .collect()
+}
+
+pub fn bytes_to_bits_le(bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<bool>
+{
+    bytes.iter()
+         .flat_map(|&v| (0..8).map(move |i| (v >> i) & 1 == 1))
+         .collect()
+}
+
+pub fn compute_multipacking<E: Engine>(
+    bits: &[bool]
+) -> Vec<E::Fr>
+{
+    let mut result = vec![];
+
+    for bits in bits.chunks(E::Fr::CAPACITY as usize)
+    {
+        let mut cur = E::Fr::zero();
+        let mut coeff = E::Fr::one();
+
+        for bit in bits {
+            if *bit {
+                cur.add_assign(&coeff);
+            }
+
+            coeff.double();
+        }
+
+        result.push(cur);
+    }
+
+    result
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multipacking() {
+    use rand::{SeedableRng, Rng, XorShiftRng};
+    use bellman::{ConstraintSystem};
+    use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12};
+    use ::circuit::test::*;
+    use super::boolean::{AllocatedBit, Boolean};
+
+    let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
+
+    for num_bits in 0..1500 {
+        let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
+
+        let bits: Vec<bool> = (0..num_bits).map(|_| rng.gen()).collect();
+
+        let circuit_bits = bits.iter().enumerate()
+                               .map(|(i, &b)| {
+                                   Boolean::from(
+                                     AllocatedBit::alloc(
+                                        cs.namespace(|| format!("bit {}", i)),
+                                        Some(b)
+                                     ).unwrap()
+                                   )
+                               })
+                               .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        let expected_inputs = compute_multipacking::<Bls12>(&bits);
+
+        pack_into_inputs(cs.namespace(|| "pack"), &circuit_bits).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
+        assert!(cs.verify(&expected_inputs));
+    }
+}

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/num.rs

@@ -1,61 +1,78 @@
 use ff::{BitIterator, Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
 use pairing::Engine;
 
-use crate::{ConstraintSystem, LinearCombination, SynthesisError, Variable};
+use bellman::{
+    SynthesisError,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    LinearCombination,
+    Variable
+};
 
-use super::Assignment;
+use super::{
+    Assignment
+};
 
-use super::boolean::{self, AllocatedBit, Boolean};
+use super::boolean::{
+    self,
+    Boolean,
+    AllocatedBit
+};
 
 pub struct AllocatedNum<E: Engine> {
     value: Option<E::Fr>,
-    variable: Variable,
+    variable: Variable
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> Clone for AllocatedNum<E> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         AllocatedNum {
             value: self.value,
-            variable: self.variable,
+            variable: self.variable
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
-    pub fn alloc<CS, F>(mut cs: CS, value: F) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn alloc<CS, F>(
-    where
+        mut cs: CS,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        value: F,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+        where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+              F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>
     {
         let mut new_value = None;
-        let var = cs.alloc(
+        let var = cs.alloc(|| "num", || {
-            || "num",
-            || {
             let tmp = value()?;
 
             new_value = Some(tmp);
 
             Ok(tmp)
-            },
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         Ok(AllocatedNum {
             value: new_value,
-            variable: var,
+            variable: var
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn inputize<CS>(&self, mut cs: CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+    pub fn inputize<CS>(
-    where
+        &self,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        mut cs: CS
+    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+        where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
-        let input = cs.alloc_input(|| "input variable", || Ok(*self.value.get()?))?;
+        let input = cs.alloc_input(
+            || "input variable",
+            || {
+                Ok(*self.value.get()?)
+            }
+        )?;
 
         cs.enforce(
             || "enforce input is correct",
             |lc| lc + input,
             |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-            |lc| lc + self.variable,
+            |lc| lc + self.variable
         );
 
         Ok(())
@@ -66,17 +83,18 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
     /// order, requiring that the representation
     /// strictly exists "in the field" (i.e., a
     /// congruency is not allowed.)
-    pub fn into_bits_le_strict<CS>(&self, mut cs: CS) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn into_bits_le_strict<CS>(
-    where
+        &self,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        mut cs: CS
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+        where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
         pub fn kary_and<E, CS>(
             mut cs: CS,
-            v: &[AllocatedBit],
+            v: &[AllocatedBit]
         ) -> Result<AllocatedBit, SynthesisError>
-        where
+            where E: Engine,
-            E: Engine,
+                  CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-            CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
         {
             assert!(v.len() > 0);
 
@@ -91,7 +109,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
                     cur = Some(AllocatedBit::and(
                         cs.namespace(|| format!("and {}", i)),
                         cur.as_ref().unwrap(),
-                        v,
+                        v
                     )?);
                 }
             }
@@ -127,7 +145,10 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
             if b {
                 // This is part of a run of ones. Let's just
                 // allocate the boolean with the expected value.
-                let a_bit = AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| format!("bit {}", i)), a_bit)?;
+                let a_bit = AllocatedBit::alloc(
+                    cs.namespace(|| format!("bit {}", i)),
+                    a_bit
+                )?;
                 // ... and add it to the current run of ones.
                 current_run.push(a_bit.clone());
                 result.push(a_bit);
@@ -141,7 +162,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
                     }
                     last_run = Some(kary_and(
                         cs.namespace(|| format!("run ending at {}", i)),
-                        &current_run,
+                        &current_run
                     )?);
                     current_run.truncate(0);
                 }
@@ -154,7 +175,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
                 let a_bit = AllocatedBit::alloc_conditionally(
                     cs.namespace(|| format!("bit {}", i)),
                     a_bit,
-                    &last_run.as_ref().expect("char always starts with a one"),
+                    &last_run.as_ref().expect("char always starts with a one")
                 )?;
                 result.push(a_bit);
             }
@@ -180,7 +201,12 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
 
         lc = lc - self.variable;
 
-        cs.enforce(|| "unpacking constraint", |lc| lc, |lc| lc, |_| lc);
+        cs.enforce(
+            || "unpacking constraint",
+            |lc| lc,
+            |lc| lc,
+            |_| lc
+        );
 
         // Convert into booleans, and reverse for little-endian bit order
         Ok(result.into_iter().map(|b| Boolean::from(b)).rev().collect())
@@ -189,11 +215,16 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
     /// Convert the allocated number into its little-endian representation.
     /// Note that this does not strongly enforce that the commitment is
     /// "in the field."
-    pub fn into_bits_le<CS>(&self, mut cs: CS) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn into_bits_le<CS>(
-    where
+        &self,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        mut cs: CS
+    ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+        where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
-        let bits = boolean::field_into_allocated_bits_le(&mut cs, self.value)?;
+        let bits = boolean::field_into_allocated_bits_le(
+            &mut cs,
+            self.value
+        )?;
 
         let mut lc = LinearCombination::zero();
         let mut coeff = E::Fr::one();
@@ -206,82 +237,86 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
 
         lc = lc - self.variable;
 
-        cs.enforce(|| "unpacking constraint", |lc| lc, |lc| lc, |_| lc);
+        cs.enforce(
+            || "unpacking constraint",
+            |lc| lc,
+            |lc| lc,
+            |_| lc
+        );
 
         Ok(bits.into_iter().map(|b| Boolean::from(b)).collect())
     }
 
-    pub fn mul<CS>(&self, mut cs: CS, other: &Self) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn mul<CS>(
-    where
+        &self,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        mut cs: CS,
+        other: &Self
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+        where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
         let mut value = None;
 
-        let var = cs.alloc(
+        let var = cs.alloc(|| "product num", || {
-            || "product num",
-            || {
             let mut tmp = *self.value.get()?;
             tmp.mul_assign(other.value.get()?);
 
             value = Some(tmp);
 
             Ok(tmp)
-            },
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         // Constrain: a * b = ab
         cs.enforce(
             || "multiplication constraint",
             |lc| lc + self.variable,
             |lc| lc + other.variable,
-            |lc| lc + var,
+            |lc| lc + var
         );
 
         Ok(AllocatedNum {
             value: value,
-            variable: var,
+            variable: var
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn square<CS>(&self, mut cs: CS) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn square<CS>(
-    where
+        &self,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        mut cs: CS
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+        where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
         let mut value = None;
 
-        let var = cs.alloc(
+        let var = cs.alloc(|| "squared num", || {
-            || "squared num",
-            || {
             let mut tmp = *self.value.get()?;
             tmp.square();
 
             value = Some(tmp);
 
             Ok(tmp)
-            },
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         // Constrain: a * a = aa
         cs.enforce(
             || "squaring constraint",
             |lc| lc + self.variable,
             |lc| lc + self.variable,
-            |lc| lc + var,
+            |lc| lc + var
         );
 
         Ok(AllocatedNum {
             value: value,
-            variable: var,
+            variable: var
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn assert_nonzero<CS>(&self, mut cs: CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+    pub fn assert_nonzero<CS>(
-    where
+        &self,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        mut cs: CS
+    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+        where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
-        let inv = cs.alloc(
+        let inv = cs.alloc(|| "ephemeral inverse", || {
-            || "ephemeral inverse",
-            || {
             let tmp = *self.value.get()?;
             
             if tmp.is_zero() {
@@ -289,8 +324,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
             } else {
                 Ok(tmp.inverse().unwrap())
             }
-            },
+        })?;
-        )?;
 
         // Constrain a * inv = 1, which is only valid
         // iff a has a multiplicative inverse, untrue
@@ -299,7 +333,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
             || "nonzero assertion constraint",
             |lc| lc + self.variable,
             |lc| lc + inv,
-            |lc| lc + CS::one(),
+            |lc| lc + CS::one()
         );
 
         Ok(())
@@ -312,39 +346,44 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
         mut cs: CS,
         a: &Self,
         b: &Self,
-        condition: &Boolean,
+        condition: &Boolean
     ) -> Result<(Self, Self), SynthesisError>
-    where
+        where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
     {
-        let c = Self::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "conditional reversal result 1"), || {
+        let c = Self::alloc(
+            cs.namespace(|| "conditional reversal result 1"),
+            || {
                 if *condition.get_value().get()? {
                     Ok(*b.value.get()?)
                 } else {
                     Ok(*a.value.get()?)
                 }
-        })?;
+            }
+        )?;
 
         cs.enforce(
             || "first conditional reversal",
             |lc| lc + a.variable - b.variable,
             |_| condition.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
-            |lc| lc + a.variable - c.variable,
+            |lc| lc + a.variable - c.variable
         );
 
-        let d = Self::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "conditional reversal result 2"), || {
+        let d = Self::alloc(
+            cs.namespace(|| "conditional reversal result 2"),
+            || {
                 if *condition.get_value().get()? {
                     Ok(*a.value.get()?)
                 } else {
                     Ok(*b.value.get()?)
                 }
-        })?;
+            }
+        )?;
 
         cs.enforce(
             || "second conditional reversal",
             |lc| lc + b.variable - a.variable,
             |_| condition.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
-            |lc| lc + b.variable - d.variable,
+            |lc| lc + b.variable - d.variable
         );
 
         Ok((c, d))
@@ -361,14 +400,14 @@ impl<E: Engine> AllocatedNum<E> {
 
 pub struct Num<E: Engine> {
     value: Option<E::Fr>,
-    lc: LinearCombination<E>,
+    lc: LinearCombination<E>
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> From<AllocatedNum<E>> for Num<E> {
     fn from(num: AllocatedNum<E>) -> Num<E> {
         Num {
             value: num.value,
-            lc: LinearCombination::<E>::zero() + num.variable,
+            lc: LinearCombination::<E>::zero() + num.variable
         }
     }
 }
@@ -377,7 +416,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> Num<E> {
     pub fn zero() -> Self {
         Num {
             value: Some(E::Fr::zero()),
-            lc: LinearCombination::zero(),
+            lc: LinearCombination::zero()
         }
     }
 
@@ -389,7 +428,13 @@ impl<E: Engine> Num<E> {
         LinearCombination::zero() + (coeff, &self.lc)
     }
 
-    pub fn add_bool_with_coeff(self, one: Variable, bit: &Boolean, coeff: E::Fr) -> Self {
+    pub fn add_bool_with_coeff(
+        self,
+        one: Variable,
+        bit: &Boolean,
+        coeff: E::Fr
+    ) -> Self
+    {
         let newval = match (self.value, bit.get_value()) {
             (Some(mut curval), Some(bval)) => {
                 if bval {
@@ -397,27 +442,25 @@ impl<E: Engine> Num<E> {
                 }
 
                 Some(curval)
-            }
+            },
-            _ => None,
+            _ => None
         };
 
         Num {
             value: newval,
-            lc: self.lc + &bit.lc(one, coeff),
+            lc: self.lc + &bit.lc(one, coeff)
         }
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use crate::ConstraintSystem;
+    use rand::{SeedableRng, Rand, Rng, XorShiftRng};
+    use bellman::{ConstraintSystem};
     use ff::{BitIterator, Field, PrimeField};
     use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
-    use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+    use ::circuit::test::*;
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
-
     use super::{AllocatedNum, Boolean};
-    use crate::gadgets::test::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_allocated_num() {
@@ -446,10 +489,8 @@ mod test {
     fn test_num_multiplication() {
         let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-        let n =
+        let n = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), || Ok(Fr::from_str("12").unwrap())).unwrap();
-            AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), || Ok(Fr::from_str("12").unwrap())).unwrap();
+        let n2 = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), || Ok(Fr::from_str("10").unwrap())).unwrap();
-        let n2 =
-            AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), || Ok(Fr::from_str("10").unwrap())).unwrap();
         let n3 = n.mul(&mut cs, &n2).unwrap();
 
         assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
@@ -461,15 +502,12 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_num_conditional_reversal() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
         {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), || Ok(Fr::random(&mut rng))).unwrap();
+            let a = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), || Ok(rng.gen())).unwrap();
-            let b = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), || Ok(Fr::random(&mut rng))).unwrap();
+            let b = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), || Ok(rng.gen())).unwrap();
             let condition = Boolean::constant(false);
             let (c, d) = AllocatedNum::conditionally_reverse(&mut cs, &a, &b, &condition).unwrap();
 
@@ -482,8 +520,8 @@ mod test {
         {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), || Ok(Fr::random(&mut rng))).unwrap();
+            let a = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "a"), || Ok(rng.gen())).unwrap();
-            let b = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), || Ok(Fr::random(&mut rng))).unwrap();
+            let b = AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "b"), || Ok(rng.gen())).unwrap();
             let condition = Boolean::constant(true);
             let (c, d) = AllocatedNum::conditionally_reverse(&mut cs, &a, &b, &condition).unwrap();
 
@@ -530,21 +568,15 @@ mod test {
         cs.set("bit 254/boolean", Fr::one());
 
         // this makes the conditional boolean constraint fail
-        assert_eq!(
+        assert_eq!(cs.which_is_unsatisfied().unwrap(), "bit 254/boolean constraint");
-            cs.which_is_unsatisfied().unwrap(),
-            "bit 254/boolean constraint"
-        );
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_into_bits() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for i in 0..200 {
-            let r = Fr::random(&mut rng);
+            let r = Fr::rand(&mut rng);
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
             let n = AllocatedNum::alloc(&mut cs, || Ok(r)).unwrap();
@@ -557,10 +589,7 @@ mod test {
 
             assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
 
-            for (b, a) in BitIterator::new(r.into_repr())
+            for (b, a) in BitIterator::new(r.into_repr()).skip(1).zip(bits.iter().rev()) {
-                .skip(1)
-                .zip(bits.iter().rev())
-            {
                 if let &Boolean::Is(ref a) = a {
                     assert_eq!(b, a.get_value().unwrap());
                 } else {
@@ -568,7 +597,7 @@ mod test {
                 }
             }
 
-            cs.set("num", Fr::random(&mut rng));
+            cs.set("num", Fr::rand(&mut rng));
             assert!(!cs.is_satisfied());
             cs.set("num", r);
             assert!(cs.is_satisfied());

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/pedersen_hash.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+use super::*;
+use super::ecc::{
+    MontgomeryPoint,
+    EdwardsPoint
+};
+use super::boolean::Boolean;
+use ::jubjub::*;
+use bellman::{
+    ConstraintSystem
+};
+use super::lookup::*;
+pub use pedersen_hash::Personalization;
+
+impl Personalization {
+    fn get_constant_bools(&self) -> Vec<Boolean> {
+        self.get_bits()
+        .into_iter()
+        .map(|e| Boolean::constant(e))
+        .collect()
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn pedersen_hash<E: JubjubEngine, CS>(
+    mut cs: CS,
+    personalization: Personalization,
+    bits: &[Boolean],
+    params: &E::Params
+) -> Result<EdwardsPoint<E>, SynthesisError>
+    where CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
+{
+    let personalization = personalization.get_constant_bools();
+    assert_eq!(personalization.len(), 6);
+
+    let mut edwards_result = None;
+    let mut bits = personalization.iter().chain(bits.iter());
+    let mut segment_generators = params.pedersen_circuit_generators().iter();
+    let boolean_false = Boolean::constant(false);
+
+    let mut segment_i = 0;
+    loop {
+        let mut segment_result = None;
+        let mut segment_windows = &segment_generators.next()
+                                                     .expect("enough segments")[..];
+
+        let mut window_i = 0;
+        while let Some(a) = bits.next() {
+            let b = bits.next().unwrap_or(&boolean_false);
+            let c = bits.next().unwrap_or(&boolean_false);
+
+            let tmp = lookup3_xy_with_conditional_negation(
+                cs.namespace(|| format!("segment {}, window {}", segment_i, window_i)),
+                &[a.clone(), b.clone(), c.clone()],
+                &segment_windows[0]
+            )?;
+
+            let tmp = MontgomeryPoint::interpret_unchecked(tmp.0, tmp.1);
+
+            match segment_result {
+                None => {
+                    segment_result = Some(tmp);
+                },
+                Some(ref mut segment_result) => {
+                    *segment_result = tmp.add(
+                        cs.namespace(|| format!("addition of segment {}, window {}", segment_i, window_i)),
+                        segment_result,
+                        params
+                    )?;
+                }
+            }
+
+            segment_windows = &segment_windows[1..];
+
+            if segment_windows.len() == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            window_i += 1;
+        }
+
+        match segment_result {
+            Some(segment_result) => {
+                // Convert this segment into twisted Edwards form.
+                let segment_result = segment_result.into_edwards(
+                    cs.namespace(|| format!("conversion of segment {} into edwards", segment_i)),
+                    params
+                )?;
+
+                match edwards_result {
+                    Some(ref mut edwards_result) => {
+                        *edwards_result = segment_result.add(
+                            cs.namespace(|| format!("addition of segment {} to accumulator", segment_i)),
+                            edwards_result,
+                            params
+                        )?;
+                    },
+                    None => {
+                        edwards_result = Some(segment_result);
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+            None => {
+                // We didn't process any new bits.
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        segment_i += 1;
+    }
+
+    Ok(edwards_result.unwrap())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test {
+    use rand::{SeedableRng, Rng, XorShiftRng};
+    use super::*;
+    use ::circuit::test::*;
+    use ::circuit::boolean::{Boolean, AllocatedBit};
+    use ff::PrimeField;
+    use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pedersen_hash_constraints() {
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
+        let params = &JubjubBls12::new();
+        let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
+
+        let input: Vec<bool> = (0..(Fr::NUM_BITS * 2)).map(|_| rng.gen()).collect();
+
+        let input_bools: Vec<Boolean> = input.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, b)| {
+            Boolean::from(
+                AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| format!("input {}", i)), Some(*b)).unwrap()
+            )
+        }).collect();
+
+        pedersen_hash(
+            cs.namespace(|| "pedersen hash"),
+            Personalization::NoteCommitment,
+            &input_bools,
+            params
+        ).unwrap();
+
+        assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
+        assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints(), 1377);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pedersen_hash() {
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
+        let params = &JubjubBls12::new();
+
+        for length in 0..751 {
+            for _ in 0..5 {
+                let mut input: Vec<bool> = (0..length).map(|_| rng.gen()).collect();
+
+                let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
+
+                let input_bools: Vec<Boolean> = input.iter().enumerate().map(|(i, b)| {
+                    Boolean::from(
+                        AllocatedBit::alloc(cs.namespace(|| format!("input {}", i)), Some(*b)).unwrap()
+                    )
+                }).collect();
+
+                let res = pedersen_hash(
+                    cs.namespace(|| "pedersen hash"),
+                    Personalization::MerkleTree(1),
+                    &input_bools,
+                    params
+                ).unwrap();
+
+                assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
+
+                let expected = ::pedersen_hash::pedersen_hash::<Bls12, _>(
+                    Personalization::MerkleTree(1),
+                    input.clone().into_iter(),
+                    params
+                ).into_xy();
+
+                assert_eq!(res.get_x().get_value().unwrap(), expected.0);
+                assert_eq!(res.get_y().get_value().unwrap(), expected.1);
+
+                // Test against the output of a different personalization
+                let unexpected = ::pedersen_hash::pedersen_hash::<Bls12, _>(
+                    Personalization::MerkleTree(0),
+                    input.into_iter(),
+                    params
+                ).into_xy();
+
+                assert!(res.get_x().get_value().unwrap() != unexpected.0);
+                assert!(res.get_y().get_value().unwrap() != unexpected.1);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/sapling/mod.rs

@@ -1,22 +1,33 @@
 use ff::{Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
 
-use bellman::{Circuit, ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
+use bellman::{
+    SynthesisError,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    Circuit
+};
 
-use zcash_primitives::jubjub::{FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine};
+use jubjub::{
+    JubjubEngine,
+    FixedGenerators
+};
 
-use zcash_primitives::constants;
+use constants;
 
-use zcash_primitives::primitives::{PaymentAddress, ProofGenerationKey, ValueCommitment};
+use primitives::{
+    ValueCommitment,
+    ProofGenerationKey,
+    PaymentAddress
+};
 
+use super::Assignment;
+use super::boolean;
 use super::ecc;
 use super::pedersen_hash;
-use bellman::gadgets::blake2s;
+use super::blake2s;
-use bellman::gadgets::boolean;
+use super::num;
-use bellman::gadgets::multipack;
+use super::multipack;
-use bellman::gadgets::num;
-use bellman::gadgets::Assignment;
 
-pub const TREE_DEPTH: usize = zcash_primitives::sapling::SAPLING_COMMITMENT_TREE_DEPTH;
+pub const TREE_DEPTH: usize = 32;
 
 /// This is an instance of the `Spend` circuit.
 pub struct Spend<'a, E: JubjubEngine> {
@@ -43,7 +54,7 @@ pub struct Spend<'a, E: JubjubEngine> {
 
     /// The anchor; the root of the tree. If the note being
     /// spent is zero-value, this can be anything.
-    pub anchor: Option<E::Fr>,
+    pub anchor: Option<E::Fr>
 }
 
 /// This is an output circuit instance.
@@ -60,7 +71,7 @@ pub struct Output<'a, E: JubjubEngine> {
     pub commitment_randomness: Option<E::Fs>,
 
     /// The ephemeral secret key for DH with recipient
-    pub esk: Option<E::Fs>,
+    pub esk: Option<E::Fs>
 }
 
 /// Exposes a Pedersen commitment to the value as an
@@ -68,16 +79,15 @@ pub struct Output<'a, E: JubjubEngine> {
 fn expose_value_commitment<E, CS>(
     mut cs: CS,
     value_commitment: Option<ValueCommitment<E>>,
-    params: &E::Params,
+    params: &E::Params
 ) -> Result<Vec<boolean::Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: JubjubEngine,
-    E: JubjubEngine,
+          CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     // Booleanize the value into little-endian bit order
     let value_bits = boolean::u64_into_boolean_vec_le(
         cs.namespace(|| "value"),
-        value_commitment.as_ref().map(|c| c.value),
+        value_commitment.as_ref().map(|c| c.value)
     )?;
 
     // Compute the note value in the exponent
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ where
         cs.namespace(|| "compute the value in the exponent"),
         FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentValue,
         &value_bits,
-        params,
+        params
     )?;
 
     // Booleanize the randomness. This does not ensure
@@ -93,7 +103,7 @@ where
     // it doesn't matter for security.
     let rcv = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(
         cs.namespace(|| "rcv"),
-        value_commitment.as_ref().map(|c| c.randomness),
+        value_commitment.as_ref().map(|c| c.randomness)
     )?;
 
     // Compute the randomness in the exponent
@@ -101,11 +111,15 @@ where
         cs.namespace(|| "computation of rcv"),
         FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentRandomness,
         &rcv,
-        params,
+        params
     )?;
 
     // Compute the Pedersen commitment to the value
-    let cv = value.add(cs.namespace(|| "computation of cv"), &rcv, params)?;
+    let cv = value.add(
+        cs.namespace(|| "computation of cv"),
+        &rcv,
+        params
+    )?;
 
     // Expose the commitment as an input to the circuit
     cv.inputize(cs.namespace(|| "commitment point"))?;
@@ -114,32 +128,43 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
-    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(self, cs: &mut CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(self, cs: &mut CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+    {
         // Prover witnesses ak (ensures that it's on the curve)
         let ak = ecc::EdwardsPoint::witness(
             cs.namespace(|| "ak"),
             self.proof_generation_key.as_ref().map(|k| k.ak.clone()),
-            self.params,
+            self.params
         )?;
 
         // There are no sensible attacks on small order points
         // of ak (that we're aware of!) but it's a cheap check,
         // so we do it.
-        ak.assert_not_small_order(cs.namespace(|| "ak not small order"), self.params)?;
+        ak.assert_not_small_order(
+            cs.namespace(|| "ak not small order"),
+            self.params
+        )?;
 
         // Rerandomize ak and expose it as an input to the circuit
         {
-            let ar = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(cs.namespace(|| "ar"), self.ar)?;
+            let ar = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(
+                cs.namespace(|| "ar"),
+                self.ar
+            )?;
 
             // Compute the randomness in the exponent
             let ar = ecc::fixed_base_multiplication(
                 cs.namespace(|| "computation of randomization for the signing key"),
                 FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator,
                 &ar,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
 
-            let rk = ak.add(cs.namespace(|| "computation of rk"), &ar, self.params)?;
+            let rk = ak.add(
+                cs.namespace(|| "computation of rk"),
+                &ar,
+                self.params
+            )?;
 
             rk.inputize(cs.namespace(|| "rk"))?;
         }
@@ -150,7 +175,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
             // Witness nsk as bits
             let nsk = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(
                 cs.namespace(|| "nsk"),
-                self.proof_generation_key.as_ref().map(|k| k.nsk.clone()),
+                self.proof_generation_key.as_ref().map(|k| k.nsk.clone())
             )?;
 
             // NB: We don't ensure that the bit representation of nsk
@@ -163,7 +188,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
                 cs.namespace(|| "computation of nk"),
                 FixedGenerators::ProofGenerationKey,
                 &nsk,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
         }
 
@@ -171,7 +196,9 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
         let mut ivk_preimage = vec![];
 
         // Place ak in the preimage for CRH^ivk
-        ivk_preimage.extend(ak.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of ak"))?);
+        ivk_preimage.extend(
+            ak.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of ak"))?
+        );
 
         // This is the nullifier preimage for PRF^nf
         let mut nf_preimage = vec![];
@@ -179,7 +206,9 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
         // Extend ivk and nf preimages with the representation of
         // nk.
         {
-            let repr_nk = nk.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of nk"))?;
+            let repr_nk = nk.repr(
+                cs.namespace(|| "representation of nk")
+            )?;
 
             ivk_preimage.extend(repr_nk.iter().cloned());
             nf_preimage.extend(repr_nk);
@@ -192,7 +221,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
         let mut ivk = blake2s::blake2s(
             cs.namespace(|| "computation of ivk"),
             &ivk_preimage,
-            constants::CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION,
+            constants::CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION
         )?;
 
         // drop_5 to ensure it's in the field
@@ -210,7 +239,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
             ecc::EdwardsPoint::witness(
                 cs.namespace(|| "witness g_d"),
                 self.payment_address.as_ref().and_then(|a| a.g_d(params)),
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?
         };
 
@@ -218,10 +247,17 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
         // is already done in the Output circuit, and this proof ensures
         // g_d is bound to a product of that check, but for defense in
         // depth let's check it anyway. It's cheap.
-        g_d.assert_not_small_order(cs.namespace(|| "g_d not small order"), self.params)?;
+        g_d.assert_not_small_order(
+            cs.namespace(|| "g_d not small order"),
+            self.params
+        )?;
 
         // Compute pk_d = g_d^ivk
-        let pk_d = g_d.mul(cs.namespace(|| "compute pk_d"), &ivk, self.params)?;
+        let pk_d = g_d.mul(
+            cs.namespace(|| "compute pk_d"),
+            &ivk,
+            self.params
+        )?;
 
         // Compute note contents:
         // value (in big endian) followed by g_d and pk_d
@@ -235,14 +271,18 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
             let value_bits = expose_value_commitment(
                 cs.namespace(|| "value commitment"),
                 self.value_commitment,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
 
             // Compute the note's value as a linear combination
             // of the bits.
             let mut coeff = E::Fr::one();
             for bit in &value_bits {
-                value_num = value_num.add_bool_with_coeff(CS::one(), bit, coeff);
+                value_num = value_num.add_bool_with_coeff(
+                    CS::one(),
+                    bit,
+                    coeff
+                );
                 coeff.double();
             }
 
@@ -251,10 +291,14 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
         }
 
         // Place g_d in the note
-        note_contents.extend(g_d.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of g_d"))?);
+        note_contents.extend(
+            g_d.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of g_d"))?
+        );
 
         // Place pk_d in the note
-        note_contents.extend(pk_d.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of pk_d"))?);
+        note_contents.extend(
+            pk_d.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of pk_d"))?
+        );
 
         assert_eq!(
             note_contents.len(),
@@ -268,14 +312,14 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
             cs.namespace(|| "note content hash"),
             pedersen_hash::Personalization::NoteCommitment,
             &note_contents,
-            self.params,
+            self.params
         )?;
 
         {
             // Booleanize the randomness for the note commitment
             let rcm = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(
                 cs.namespace(|| "rcm"),
-                self.commitment_randomness,
+                self.commitment_randomness
             )?;
 
             // Compute the note commitment randomness in the exponent
@@ -283,7 +327,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
                 cs.namespace(|| "computation of commitment randomness"),
                 FixedGenerators::NoteCommitmentRandomness,
                 &rcm,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
 
             // Randomize the note commitment. Pedersen hashes are not
@@ -291,7 +335,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
             cm = cm.add(
                 cs.namespace(|| "randomization of note commitment"),
                 &rcm,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
         }
 
@@ -312,7 +356,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
             // depth of the tree.
             let cur_is_right = boolean::Boolean::from(boolean::AllocatedBit::alloc(
                 cs.namespace(|| "position bit"),
-                e.map(|e| e.1),
+                e.map(|e| e.1)
             )?);
 
             // Push this boolean for nullifier computation later
@@ -320,15 +364,19 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
 
             // Witness the authentication path element adjacent
             // at this depth.
-            let path_element =
+            let path_element = num::AllocatedNum::alloc(
-                num::AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "path element"), || Ok(e.get()?.0))?;
+                cs.namespace(|| "path element"),
+                || {
+                    Ok(e.get()?.0)
+                }
+            )?;
 
             // Swap the two if the current subtree is on the right
             let (xl, xr) = num::AllocatedNum::conditionally_reverse(
                 cs.namespace(|| "conditional reversal of preimage"),
                 &cur,
                 &path_element,
-                &cur_is_right,
+                &cur_is_right
             )?;
 
             // We don't need to be strict, because the function is
@@ -344,19 +392,20 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
                 cs.namespace(|| "computation of pedersen hash"),
                 pedersen_hash::Personalization::MerkleTree(i),
                 &preimage,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
-            )?
+            )?.get_x().clone(); // Injective encoding
-            .get_x()
-            .clone(); // Injective encoding
         }
 
         {
             let real_anchor_value = self.anchor;
 
             // Allocate the "real" anchor that will be exposed.
-            let rt = num::AllocatedNum::alloc(cs.namespace(|| "conditional anchor"), || {
+            let rt = num::AllocatedNum::alloc(
+                cs.namespace(|| "conditional anchor"),
+                || {
                     Ok(*real_anchor_value.get()?)
-            })?;
+                }
+            )?;
 
             // (cur - rt) * value = 0
             // if value is zero, cur and rt can be different
@@ -365,7 +414,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
                 || "conditionally enforce correct root",
                 |lc| lc + cur.get_variable() - rt.get_variable(),
                 |lc| lc + &value_num.lc(E::Fr::one()),
-                |lc| lc,
+                |lc| lc
             );
 
             // Expose the anchor
@@ -381,19 +430,21 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
                 cs.namespace(|| "g^position"),
                 FixedGenerators::NullifierPosition,
                 &position_bits,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
 
             // Add the position to the commitment
             rho = rho.add(
                 cs.namespace(|| "faerie gold prevention"),
                 &position,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
         }
         
         // Let's compute nf = BLAKE2s(nk || rho)
-        nf_preimage.extend(rho.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of rho"))?);
+        nf_preimage.extend(
+            rho.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of rho"))?
+        );
 
         assert_eq!(nf_preimage.len(), 512);
         
@@ -401,7 +452,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
         let nf = blake2s::blake2s(
             cs.namespace(|| "nf computation"),
             &nf_preimage,
-            constants::PRF_NF_PERSONALIZATION,
+            constants::PRF_NF_PERSONALIZATION
         )?;
 
         multipack::pack_into_inputs(cs.namespace(|| "pack nullifier"), &nf)
@@ -409,7 +460,8 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Spend<'a, E> {
 }
 
 impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Output<'a, E> {
-    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(self, cs: &mut CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(self, cs: &mut CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+    {
         // Let's start to construct our note, which contains
         // value (big endian)
         let mut note_contents = vec![];
@@ -419,7 +471,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Output<'a, E> {
         note_contents.extend(expose_value_commitment(
             cs.namespace(|| "value commitment"),
             self.value_commitment,
-            self.params,
+            self.params
         )?);
 
         // Let's deal with g_d
@@ -431,7 +483,7 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Output<'a, E> {
             let g_d = ecc::EdwardsPoint::witness(
                 cs.namespace(|| "witness g_d"),
                 self.payment_address.as_ref().and_then(|a| a.g_d(params)),
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
 
             // g_d is ensured to be large order. The relationship
@@ -443,17 +495,29 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Output<'a, E> {
             //
             // Further, if it were small order, epk would be
             // small order too!
-            g_d.assert_not_small_order(cs.namespace(|| "g_d not small order"), self.params)?;
+            g_d.assert_not_small_order(
+                cs.namespace(|| "g_d not small order"),
+                self.params
+            )?;
 
             // Extend our note contents with the representation of
             // g_d.
-            note_contents.extend(g_d.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of g_d"))?);
+            note_contents.extend(
+                g_d.repr(cs.namespace(|| "representation of g_d"))?
+            );
 
             // Booleanize our ephemeral secret key
-            let esk = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(cs.namespace(|| "esk"), self.esk)?;
+            let esk = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(
+                cs.namespace(|| "esk"),
+                self.esk
+            )?;
 
             // Create the ephemeral public key from g_d.
-            let epk = g_d.mul(cs.namespace(|| "epk computation"), &esk, self.params)?;
+            let epk = g_d.mul(
+                cs.namespace(|| "epk computation"),
+                &esk,
+                self.params
+            )?;
 
             // Expose epk publicly.
             epk.inputize(cs.namespace(|| "epk"))?;
@@ -470,13 +534,13 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Output<'a, E> {
             // endian bits (to match the representation)
             let y_contents = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(
                 cs.namespace(|| "pk_d bits of y"),
-                pk_d.map(|e| e.1),
+                pk_d.map(|e| e.1)
             )?;
 
             // Witness the sign bit
             let sign_bit = boolean::Boolean::from(boolean::AllocatedBit::alloc(
                 cs.namespace(|| "pk_d bit of x"),
-                pk_d.map(|e| e.0.into_repr().is_odd()),
+                pk_d.map(|e| e.0.into_repr().is_odd())
             )?);
 
             // Extend the note with pk_d representation
@@ -496,14 +560,14 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Output<'a, E> {
             cs.namespace(|| "note content hash"),
             pedersen_hash::Personalization::NoteCommitment,
             &note_contents,
-            self.params,
+            self.params
         )?;
 
         {
             // Booleanize the randomness
             let rcm = boolean::field_into_boolean_vec_le(
                 cs.namespace(|| "rcm"),
-                self.commitment_randomness,
+                self.commitment_randomness
             )?;
 
             // Compute the note commitment randomness in the exponent
@@ -511,14 +575,14 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Output<'a, E> {
                 cs.namespace(|| "computation of commitment randomness"),
                 FixedGenerators::NoteCommitmentRandomness,
                 &rcm,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
 
             // Randomize our note commitment
             cm = cm.add(
                 cs.namespace(|| "randomization of note commitment"),
                 &rcm,
-                self.params,
+                self.params
             )?;
         }
 
@@ -534,37 +598,29 @@ impl<'a, E: JubjubEngine> Circuit<E> for Output<'a, E> {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_input_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
-    use bellman::gadgets::test::*;
     use ff::{BitIterator, Field};
     use pairing::bls12_381::*;
-    use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+    use rand::{SeedableRng, Rng, XorShiftRng};
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
+    use ::circuit::test::*;
-    use zcash_primitives::{
+    use jubjub::{JubjubBls12, fs, edwards};
-        jubjub::{edwards, fs, JubjubBls12},
-        pedersen_hash,
-        primitives::{Diversifier, Note, ProofGenerationKey},
-    };
 
     let params = &JubjubBls12::new();
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x58, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     let tree_depth = 32;
 
     for _ in 0..10 {
         let value_commitment = ValueCommitment {
-            value: rng.next_u64(),
+            value: rng.gen(),
-            randomness: fs::Fs::random(rng),
+            randomness: rng.gen()
         };
 
-        let nsk = fs::Fs::random(rng);
+        let nsk: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
         let ak = edwards::Point::rand(rng, params).mul_by_cofactor(params);
 
-        let proof_generation_key = ProofGenerationKey {
+        let proof_generation_key = ::primitives::ProofGenerationKey {
             ak: ak.clone(),
-            nsk: nsk.clone(),
+            nsk: nsk.clone()
         };
 
         let viewing_key = proof_generation_key.into_viewing_key(params);
@@ -572,38 +628,39 @@ fn test_input_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
         let payment_address;
 
         loop {
-            let diversifier = {
+            let diversifier = ::primitives::Diversifier(rng.gen());
-                let mut d = [0; 11];
-                rng.fill_bytes(&mut d);
-                Diversifier(d)
-            };
 
-            if let Some(p) = viewing_key.into_payment_address(diversifier, params) {
+            if let Some(p) = viewing_key.into_payment_address(
+                diversifier,
+                params
+            )
+            {
                 payment_address = p;
                 break;
             }
         }
 
         let g_d = payment_address.diversifier.g_d(params).unwrap();
-        let commitment_randomness = fs::Fs::random(rng);
+        let commitment_randomness: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
-        let auth_path = vec![Some((Fr::random(rng), rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0)); tree_depth];
+        let auth_path = vec![Some((rng.gen(), rng.gen())); tree_depth];
-        let ar = fs::Fs::random(rng);
+        let ar: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
 
         {
             let rk = viewing_key.rk(ar, params).into_xy();
             let expected_value_cm = value_commitment.cm(params).into_xy();
-            let note = Note {
+            let note = ::primitives::Note {
                 value: value_commitment.value,
                 g_d: g_d.clone(),
                 pk_d: payment_address.pk_d.clone(),
-                r: commitment_randomness.clone(),
+                r: commitment_randomness.clone()
             };
 
             let mut position = 0u64;
             let cm: Fr = note.cm(params);
             let mut cur = cm.clone();
 
-            for (i, val) in auth_path.clone().into_iter().enumerate() {
+            for (i, val) in auth_path.clone().into_iter().enumerate()
+            {
                 let (uncle, b) = val.unwrap();
 
                 let mut lhs = cur;
@@ -619,15 +676,13 @@ fn test_input_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
                 lhs.reverse();
                 rhs.reverse();
 
-                cur = pedersen_hash::pedersen_hash::<Bls12, _>(
+                cur = ::pedersen_hash::pedersen_hash::<Bls12, _>(
-                    pedersen_hash::Personalization::MerkleTree(i),
+                    ::pedersen_hash::Personalization::MerkleTree(i),
                     lhs.into_iter()
                        .take(Fr::NUM_BITS as usize)
                        .chain(rhs.into_iter().take(Fr::NUM_BITS as usize)),
-                    params,
+                    params
-                )
+                ).into_xy().0;
-                .into_xy()
-                .0;
 
                 if b {
                     position |= 1 << i;
@@ -649,17 +704,14 @@ fn test_input_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
                 commitment_randomness: Some(commitment_randomness),
                 ar: Some(ar),
                 auth_path: auth_path.clone(),
-                anchor: Some(cur),
+                anchor: Some(cur)
             };
 
             instance.synthesize(&mut cs).unwrap();
 
             assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
             assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints(), 98777);
-            assert_eq!(
+            assert_eq!(cs.hash(), "d37c738e83df5d9b0bb6495ac96abf21bcb2697477e2c15c2c7916ff7a3b6a89");
-                cs.hash(),
-                "d37c738e83df5d9b0bb6495ac96abf21bcb2697477e2c15c2c7916ff7a3b6a89"
-            );
 
             assert_eq!(cs.get("randomization of note commitment/x3/num"), cm);
 
@@ -667,14 +719,8 @@ fn test_input_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(0, "ONE"), Fr::one());
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(1, "rk/x/input variable"), rk.0);
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(2, "rk/y/input variable"), rk.1);
-            assert_eq!(
+            assert_eq!(cs.get_input(3, "value commitment/commitment point/x/input variable"), expected_value_cm.0);
-                cs.get_input(3, "value commitment/commitment point/x/input variable"),
+            assert_eq!(cs.get_input(4, "value commitment/commitment point/y/input variable"), expected_value_cm.1);
-                expected_value_cm.0
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                cs.get_input(4, "value commitment/commitment point/y/input variable"),
-                expected_value_cm.1
-            );
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(5, "anchor/input variable"), cur);
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(6, "pack nullifier/input 0"), expected_nf[0]);
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(7, "pack nullifier/input 1"), expected_nf[1]);
@@ -684,34 +730,27 @@ fn test_input_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_output_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
-    use bellman::gadgets::test::*;
     use ff::Field;
     use pairing::bls12_381::*;
-    use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+    use rand::{SeedableRng, Rng, XorShiftRng};
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
+    use ::circuit::test::*;
-    use zcash_primitives::{
+    use jubjub::{JubjubBls12, fs, edwards};
-        jubjub::{edwards, fs, JubjubBls12},
-        primitives::{Diversifier, ProofGenerationKey},
-    };
 
     let params = &JubjubBls12::new();
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6258, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x58, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..100 {
         let value_commitment = ValueCommitment {
-            value: rng.next_u64(),
+            value: rng.gen(),
-            randomness: fs::Fs::random(rng),
+            randomness: rng.gen()
         };
 
-        let nsk = fs::Fs::random(rng);
+        let nsk: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
         let ak = edwards::Point::rand(rng, params).mul_by_cofactor(params);
 
-        let proof_generation_key = ProofGenerationKey {
+        let proof_generation_key = ::primitives::ProofGenerationKey {
             ak: ak.clone(),
-            nsk: nsk.clone(),
+            nsk: nsk.clone()
         };
 
         let viewing_key = proof_generation_key.into_viewing_key(params);
@@ -719,20 +758,20 @@ fn test_output_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
         let payment_address;
 
         loop {
-            let diversifier = {
+            let diversifier = ::primitives::Diversifier(rng.gen());
-                let mut d = [0; 11];
-                rng.fill_bytes(&mut d);
-                Diversifier(d)
-            };
 
-            if let Some(p) = viewing_key.into_payment_address(diversifier, params) {
+            if let Some(p) = viewing_key.into_payment_address(
+                diversifier,
+                params
+            )
+            {
                 payment_address = p;
                 break;
             }
         }
 
-        let commitment_randomness = fs::Fs::random(rng);
+        let commitment_randomness: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
-        let esk = fs::Fs::random(rng);
+        let esk: fs::Fs = rng.gen();
 
         {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
@@ -742,41 +781,30 @@ fn test_output_circuit_with_bls12_381() {
                 value_commitment: Some(value_commitment.clone()),
                 payment_address: Some(payment_address.clone()),
                 commitment_randomness: Some(commitment_randomness),
-                esk: Some(esk.clone()),
+                esk: Some(esk.clone())
             };
 
             instance.synthesize(&mut cs).unwrap();
 
             assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
             assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints(), 7827);
-            assert_eq!(
+            assert_eq!(cs.hash(), "c26d5cdfe6ccd65c03390902c02e11393ea6bb96aae32a7f2ecb12eb9103faee");
-                cs.hash(),
-                "c26d5cdfe6ccd65c03390902c02e11393ea6bb96aae32a7f2ecb12eb9103faee"
-            );
 
-            let expected_cm = payment_address
+            let expected_cm = payment_address.create_note(
-                .create_note(value_commitment.value, commitment_randomness, params)
+                value_commitment.value,
-                .expect("should be valid")
+                commitment_randomness,
-                .cm(params);
+                params
+            ).expect("should be valid").cm(params);
 
             let expected_value_cm = value_commitment.cm(params).into_xy();
 
-            let expected_epk = payment_address
+            let expected_epk = payment_address.g_d(params).expect("should be valid").mul(esk, params);
-                .g_d(params)
-                .expect("should be valid")
-                .mul(esk, params);
             let expected_epk_xy = expected_epk.into_xy();
 
             assert_eq!(cs.num_inputs(), 6);
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(0, "ONE"), Fr::one());
-            assert_eq!(
+            assert_eq!(cs.get_input(1, "value commitment/commitment point/x/input variable"), expected_value_cm.0);
-                cs.get_input(1, "value commitment/commitment point/x/input variable"),
+            assert_eq!(cs.get_input(2, "value commitment/commitment point/y/input variable"), expected_value_cm.1);
-                expected_value_cm.0
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                cs.get_input(2, "value commitment/commitment point/y/input variable"),
-                expected_value_cm.1
-            );
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(3, "epk/x/input variable"), expected_epk_xy.0);
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(4, "epk/y/input variable"), expected_epk_xy.1);
             assert_eq!(cs.get_input(5, "commitment/input variable"), expected_cm);

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/sha256.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-use super::boolean::Boolean;
-use super::multieq::MultiEq;
 use super::uint32::UInt32;
-use crate::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
+use super::multieq::MultiEq;
+use super::boolean::Boolean;
+use bellman::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
 use pairing::Engine;
 
 const ROUND_CONSTANTS: [u32; 64] = [
@@ -12,35 +12,37 @@ const ROUND_CONSTANTS: [u32; 64] = [
     0x27b70a85, 0x2e1b2138, 0x4d2c6dfc, 0x53380d13, 0x650a7354, 0x766a0abb, 0x81c2c92e, 0x92722c85,
     0xa2bfe8a1, 0xa81a664b, 0xc24b8b70, 0xc76c51a3, 0xd192e819, 0xd6990624, 0xf40e3585, 0x106aa070,
     0x19a4c116, 0x1e376c08, 0x2748774c, 0x34b0bcb5, 0x391c0cb3, 0x4ed8aa4a, 0x5b9cca4f, 0x682e6ff3,
-    0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208, 0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2,
+    0x748f82ee, 0x78a5636f, 0x84c87814, 0x8cc70208, 0x90befffa, 0xa4506ceb, 0xbef9a3f7, 0xc67178f2
 ];
 
 const IV: [u32; 8] = [
-    0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a, 0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c, 0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19,
+    0x6a09e667, 0xbb67ae85, 0x3c6ef372, 0xa54ff53a,
+    0x510e527f, 0x9b05688c, 0x1f83d9ab, 0x5be0cd19
 ];
 
 pub fn sha256_block_no_padding<E, CS>(
     mut cs: CS,
-    input: &[Boolean],
+    input: &[Boolean]
 ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     assert_eq!(input.len(), 512);
 
-    Ok(
+    Ok(sha256_compression_function(
-        sha256_compression_function(&mut cs, &input, &get_sha256_iv())?
+        &mut cs,
+        &input,
+        &get_sha256_iv()
+    )?
     .into_iter()
     .flat_map(|e| e.into_bits_be())
-            .collect(),
+    .collect())
-    )
 }
 
-pub fn sha256<E, CS>(mut cs: CS, input: &[Boolean]) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+pub fn sha256<E, CS>(
-where
+    mut cs: CS,
-    E: Engine,
+    input: &[Boolean]
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
 {
     assert!(input.len() % 8 == 0);
 
@@ -60,10 +62,16 @@ where
 
     let mut cur = get_sha256_iv();
     for (i, block) in padded.chunks(512).enumerate() {
-        cur = sha256_compression_function(cs.namespace(|| format!("block {}", i)), block, &cur)?;
+        cur = sha256_compression_function(
+            cs.namespace(|| format!("block {}", i)),
+            block,
+            &cur
+        )?;
     }
 
-    Ok(cur.into_iter().flat_map(|e| e.into_bits_be()).collect())
+    Ok(cur.into_iter()
+    .flat_map(|e| e.into_bits_be())
+    .collect())
 }
 
 fn get_sha256_iv() -> Vec<UInt32> {
@@ -73,17 +81,14 @@ fn get_sha256_iv() -> Vec<UInt32> {
 fn sha256_compression_function<E, CS>(
     cs: CS,
     input: &[Boolean],
-    current_hash_value: &[UInt32],
+    current_hash_value: &[UInt32]
 ) -> Result<Vec<UInt32>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     assert_eq!(input.len(), 512);
     assert_eq!(current_hash_value.len(), 8);
 
-    let mut w = input
+    let mut w = input.chunks(32)
-        .chunks(32)
                      .map(|e| UInt32::from_bits_be(e))
                      .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
@@ -96,17 +101,29 @@ where
 
         // s0 := (w[i-15] rightrotate 7) xor (w[i-15] rightrotate 18) xor (w[i-15] rightshift 3)
         let mut s0 = w[i-15].rotr(7);
-        s0 = s0.xor(cs.namespace(|| "first xor for s0"), &w[i - 15].rotr(18))?;
+        s0 = s0.xor(
-        s0 = s0.xor(cs.namespace(|| "second xor for s0"), &w[i - 15].shr(3))?;
+            cs.namespace(|| "first xor for s0"),
+            &w[i-15].rotr(18)
+        )?;
+        s0 = s0.xor(
+            cs.namespace(|| "second xor for s0"),
+            &w[i-15].shr(3)
+        )?;
 
         // s1 := (w[i-2] rightrotate 17) xor (w[i-2] rightrotate 19) xor (w[i-2] rightshift 10)
         let mut s1 = w[i-2].rotr(17);
-        s1 = s1.xor(cs.namespace(|| "first xor for s1"), &w[i - 2].rotr(19))?;
+        s1 = s1.xor(
-        s1 = s1.xor(cs.namespace(|| "second xor for s1"), &w[i - 2].shr(10))?;
+            cs.namespace(|| "first xor for s1"),
+            &w[i-2].rotr(19)
+        )?;
+        s1 = s1.xor(
+            cs.namespace(|| "second xor for s1"),
+            &w[i-2].shr(10)
+        )?;
 
         let tmp = UInt32::addmany(
             cs.namespace(|| "computation of w[i]"),
-            &[w[i - 16].clone(), s0, w[i - 7].clone(), s1],
+            &[w[i-16].clone(), s0, w[i-7].clone(), s1]
         )?;
 
         // w[i] := w[i-16] + s0 + w[i-7] + s1
@@ -117,21 +134,29 @@ where
 
     enum Maybe {
         Deferred(Vec<UInt32>),
-        Concrete(UInt32),
+        Concrete(UInt32)
     }
 
     impl Maybe {
-        fn compute<E, CS, M>(self, cs: M, others: &[UInt32]) -> Result<UInt32, SynthesisError>
+        fn compute<E, CS, M>(
-        where
+            self,
-            E: Engine,
+            cs: M,
+            others: &[UInt32]
+        ) -> Result<UInt32, SynthesisError>
+            where E: Engine,
                   CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
-            M: ConstraintSystem<E, Root = MultiEq<E, CS>>,
+                  M: ConstraintSystem<E, Root=MultiEq<E, CS>>
         {
             Ok(match self {
-                Maybe::Concrete(ref v) => return Ok(v.clone()),
+                Maybe::Concrete(ref v) => {
+                    return Ok(v.clone())
+                },
                 Maybe::Deferred(mut v) => {
                     v.extend(others.into_iter().cloned());
-                    UInt32::addmany(cs, &v)?
+                    UInt32::addmany(
+                        cs,
+                        &v
+                    )?
                 }
             })
         }
@@ -152,11 +177,22 @@ where
         // S1 := (e rightrotate 6) xor (e rightrotate 11) xor (e rightrotate 25)
         let new_e = e.compute(cs.namespace(|| "deferred e computation"), &[])?;
         let mut s1 = new_e.rotr(6);
-        s1 = s1.xor(cs.namespace(|| "first xor for s1"), &new_e.rotr(11))?;
+        s1 = s1.xor(
-        s1 = s1.xor(cs.namespace(|| "second xor for s1"), &new_e.rotr(25))?;
+            cs.namespace(|| "first xor for s1"),
+            &new_e.rotr(11)
+        )?;
+        s1 = s1.xor(
+            cs.namespace(|| "second xor for s1"),
+            &new_e.rotr(25)
+        )?;
 
         // ch := (e and f) xor ((not e) and g)
-        let ch = UInt32::sha256_ch(cs.namespace(|| "ch"), &new_e, &f, &g)?;
+        let ch = UInt32::sha256_ch(
+            cs.namespace(|| "ch"),
+            &new_e,
+            &f,
+            &g
+        )?;
 
         // temp1 := h + S1 + ch + k[i] + w[i]
         let temp1 = vec![
@@ -164,17 +200,28 @@ where
             s1,
             ch,
             UInt32::constant(ROUND_CONSTANTS[i]),
-            w[i].clone(),
+            w[i].clone()
         ];
 
         // S0 := (a rightrotate 2) xor (a rightrotate 13) xor (a rightrotate 22)
         let new_a = a.compute(cs.namespace(|| "deferred a computation"), &[])?;
         let mut s0 = new_a.rotr(2);
-        s0 = s0.xor(cs.namespace(|| "first xor for s0"), &new_a.rotr(13))?;
+        s0 = s0.xor(
-        s0 = s0.xor(cs.namespace(|| "second xor for s0"), &new_a.rotr(22))?;
+            cs.namespace(|| "first xor for s0"),
+            &new_a.rotr(13)
+        )?;
+        s0 = s0.xor(
+            cs.namespace(|| "second xor for s0"),
+            &new_a.rotr(22)
+        )?;
 
         // maj := (a and b) xor (a and c) xor (b and c)
-        let maj = UInt32::sha256_maj(cs.namespace(|| "maj"), &new_a, &b, &c)?;
+        let maj = UInt32::sha256_maj(
+            cs.namespace(|| "maj"),
+            &new_a,
+            &b,
+            &c
+        )?;
 
         // temp2 := S0 + maj
         let temp2 = vec![s0, maj];
@@ -197,13 +244,7 @@ where
         d = c;
         c = b;
         b = new_a;
-        a = Maybe::Deferred(
+        a = Maybe::Deferred(temp1.iter().cloned().chain(temp2.iter().cloned()).collect::<Vec<_>>());
-            temp1
-                .iter()
-                .cloned()
-                .chain(temp2.iter().cloned())
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-        );
     }
 
     /*
@@ -220,42 +261,42 @@ where
 
     let h0 = a.compute(
         cs.namespace(|| "deferred h0 computation"),
-        &[current_hash_value[0].clone()],
+        &[current_hash_value[0].clone()]
     )?;
 
     let h1 = UInt32::addmany(
         cs.namespace(|| "new h1"),
-        &[current_hash_value[1].clone(), b],
+        &[current_hash_value[1].clone(), b]
     )?;
 
     let h2 = UInt32::addmany(
         cs.namespace(|| "new h2"),
-        &[current_hash_value[2].clone(), c],
+        &[current_hash_value[2].clone(), c]
     )?;
 
     let h3 = UInt32::addmany(
         cs.namespace(|| "new h3"),
-        &[current_hash_value[3].clone(), d],
+        &[current_hash_value[3].clone(), d]
     )?;
 
     let h4 = e.compute(
         cs.namespace(|| "deferred h4 computation"),
-        &[current_hash_value[4].clone()],
+        &[current_hash_value[4].clone()]
     )?;
 
     let h5 = UInt32::addmany(
         cs.namespace(|| "new h5"),
-        &[current_hash_value[5].clone(), f],
+        &[current_hash_value[5].clone(), f]
     )?;
 
     let h6 = UInt32::addmany(
         cs.namespace(|| "new h6"),
-        &[current_hash_value[6].clone(), g],
+        &[current_hash_value[6].clone(), g]
     )?;
 
     let h7 = UInt32::addmany(
         cs.namespace(|| "new h7"),
-        &[current_hash_value[7].clone(), h],
+        &[current_hash_value[7].clone(), h]
     )?;
 
     Ok(vec![h0, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, h7])
@@ -264,11 +305,10 @@ where
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::gadgets::boolean::AllocatedBit;
+    use circuit::boolean::AllocatedBit;
-    use crate::gadgets::test::TestConstraintSystem;
     use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-    use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+    use circuit::test::TestConstraintSystem;
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
+    use rand::{XorShiftRng, SeedableRng, Rng};
 
     #[test]
     fn test_blank_hash() {
@@ -277,7 +317,11 @@ mod test {
         let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
         let mut input_bits: Vec<_> = (0..512).map(|_| Boolean::Constant(false)).collect();
         input_bits[0] = Boolean::Constant(true);
-        let out = sha256_compression_function(&mut cs, &input_bits, &iv).unwrap();
+        let out = sha256_compression_function(
+            &mut cs,
+            &input_bits,
+            &iv
+        ).unwrap();
         let out_bits: Vec<_> = out.into_iter().flat_map(|e| e.into_bits_be()).collect();
 
         assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
@@ -297,27 +341,25 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_full_block() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         let iv = get_sha256_iv();
 
         let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
-        let input_bits: Vec<_> = (0..512)
+        let input_bits: Vec<_> = (0..512).map(|i| {
-            .map(|i| {
             Boolean::from(
                 AllocatedBit::alloc(
                     cs.namespace(|| format!("input bit {}", i)),
-                        Some(rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0),
+                    Some(rng.gen())
+                ).unwrap()
             )
-                    .unwrap(),
+        }).collect();
-                )
-            })
-            .collect();
 
-        sha256_compression_function(cs.namespace(|| "sha256"), &input_bits, &iv).unwrap();
+        sha256_compression_function(
+            cs.namespace(|| "sha256"),
+            &input_bits,
+            &iv
+        ).unwrap();
 
         assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
         assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints() - 512, 25840);
@@ -325,18 +367,18 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_against_vectors() {
-        use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
+        use crypto::sha2::Sha256;
+        use crypto::digest::Digest;
 
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
-        for input_len in (0..32).chain((32..256).filter(|a| a % 8 == 0)) {
+        for input_len in (0..32).chain((32..256).filter(|a| a % 8 == 0))
+        {
             let mut h = Sha256::new();
-            let data: Vec<u8> = (0..input_len).map(|_| rng.next_u32() as u8).collect();
+            let data: Vec<u8> = (0..input_len).map(|_| rng.gen()).collect();
             h.input(&data);
-            let hash_result = h.result();
+            let mut hash_result = [0u8; 32];
+            h.result(&mut hash_result[..]);
 
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
             let mut input_bits = vec![];
@@ -345,11 +387,7 @@ mod test {
                 for bit_i in (0..8).rev() {
                     let cs = cs.namespace(|| format!("input bit {} {}", byte_i, bit_i));
 
-                    input_bits.push(
+                    input_bits.push(AllocatedBit::alloc(cs, Some((input_byte >> bit_i) & 1u8 == 1u8)).unwrap().into());
-                        AllocatedBit::alloc(cs, Some((input_byte >> bit_i) & 1u8 == 1u8))
-                            .unwrap()
-                            .into(),
-                    );
                 }
             }
 
@@ -357,19 +395,17 @@ mod test {
 
             assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
 
-            let mut s = hash_result
+            let mut s = hash_result.as_ref().iter()
-                .as_ref()
-                .iter()
                                             .flat_map(|&byte| (0..8).rev().map(move |i| (byte >> i) & 1u8 == 1u8));
 
             for b in r {
                 match b {
                     Boolean::Is(b) => {
                         assert!(s.next().unwrap() == b.get_value().unwrap());
-                    }
+                    },
                     Boolean::Not(b) => {
                         assert!(s.next().unwrap() != b.get_value().unwrap());
-                    }
+                    },
                     Boolean::Constant(b) => {
                         assert!(input_len == 0);
                         assert!(s.next().unwrap() == b);

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/sprout/commitment.rs

@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
-use bellman::gadgets::boolean::Boolean;
+use pairing::{Engine};
-use bellman::gadgets::sha256::sha256;
 use bellman::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
-use pairing::Engine;
+use circuit::sha256::{
+    sha256
+};
+use circuit::boolean::{
+    Boolean
+};
 
 pub fn note_comm<E, CS>(
     cs: CS,
     a_pk: &[Boolean],
     value: &[Boolean],
     rho: &[Boolean],
-    r: &[Boolean],
+    r: &[Boolean]
 ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     assert_eq!(a_pk.len(), 256);
     assert_eq!(value.len(), 64);
@@ -33,5 +35,8 @@ where
     image.extend(rho.iter().cloned());
     image.extend(r.iter().cloned());
 
-    sha256(cs, &image)
+    sha256(
+        cs,
+        &image
+    )
 }

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/sprout/input.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,16 @@
-use bellman::gadgets::boolean::{AllocatedBit, Boolean};
+use pairing::{Engine};
-use bellman::gadgets::sha256::sha256_block_no_padding;
 use bellman::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
-use pairing::Engine;
+use circuit::sha256::{
+    sha256_block_no_padding
+};
+use circuit::boolean::{
+    AllocatedBit,
+    Boolean
+};
 
-use super::commitment::note_comm;
-use super::prfs::*;
 use super::*;
+use super::prfs::*;
+use super::commitment::note_comm;
 
 pub struct InputNote {
     pub nf: Vec<Boolean>,
@@ -22,33 +27,49 @@ impl InputNote {
         h_sig: &[Boolean],
         nonce: bool,
         auth_path: [Option<([u8; 32], bool)>; TREE_DEPTH],
-        rt: &[Boolean],
+        rt: &[Boolean]
     ) -> Result<InputNote, SynthesisError>
-    where
+        where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-        E: Engine,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
     {
         let a_sk = witness_u252(
             cs.namespace(|| "a_sk"),
-            a_sk.as_ref().map(|a_sk| &a_sk.0[..]),
+            a_sk.as_ref().map(|a_sk| &a_sk.0[..])
         )?;
 
-        let rho = witness_u256(cs.namespace(|| "rho"), rho.as_ref().map(|rho| &rho.0[..]))?;
+        let rho = witness_u256(
+            cs.namespace(|| "rho"),
+            rho.as_ref().map(|rho| &rho.0[..])
+        )?;
 
-        let r = witness_u256(cs.namespace(|| "r"), r.as_ref().map(|r| &r.0[..]))?;
+        let r = witness_u256(
+            cs.namespace(|| "r"),
+            r.as_ref().map(|r| &r.0[..])
+        )?;
 
-        let a_pk = prf_a_pk(cs.namespace(|| "a_pk computation"), &a_sk)?;
+        let a_pk = prf_a_pk(
+            cs.namespace(|| "a_pk computation"),
+            &a_sk
+        )?;
 
-        let nf = prf_nf(cs.namespace(|| "nf computation"), &a_sk, &rho)?;
+        let nf = prf_nf(
+            cs.namespace(|| "nf computation"),
+            &a_sk,
+            &rho
+        )?;
 
-        let mac = prf_pk(cs.namespace(|| "mac computation"), &a_sk, h_sig, nonce)?;
+        let mac = prf_pk(
+            cs.namespace(|| "mac computation"),
+            &a_sk,
+            h_sig,
+            nonce
+        )?;
 
         let cm = note_comm(
             cs.namespace(|| "cm computation"),
             &a_pk,
             &value.bits_le(),
             &rho,
-            &r,
+            &r
         )?;
 
         // Witness into the merkle tree
@@ -59,13 +80,13 @@ impl InputNote {
 
             let cur_is_right = AllocatedBit::alloc(
                 cs.namespace(|| "cur is right"),
-                layer.as_ref().map(|&(_, p)| p),
+                layer.as_ref().map(|&(_, p)| p)
             )?;
 
             let lhs = cur;
             let rhs = witness_u256(
                 cs.namespace(|| "sibling"),
-                layer.as_ref().map(|&(ref sibling, _)| &sibling[..]),
+                layer.as_ref().map(|&(ref sibling, _)| &sibling[..])
             )?;
 
             // Conditionally swap if cur is right
@@ -73,16 +94,19 @@ impl InputNote {
                 cs.namespace(|| "conditional swap"),
                 &lhs[..],
                 &rhs[..],
-                &cur_is_right,
+                &cur_is_right
             )?;
 
-            cur = sha256_block_no_padding(cs.namespace(|| "hash of this layer"), &preimage)?;
+            cur = sha256_block_no_padding(
+                cs.namespace(|| "hash of this layer"),
+                &preimage
+            )?;
         }
 
         // enforce must be true if the value is nonzero
         let enforce = AllocatedBit::alloc(
             cs.namespace(|| "enforce"),
-            value.get_value().map(|n| n != 0),
+            value.get_value().map(|n| n != 0)
         )?;
 
         // value * (1 - enforce) = 0
@@ -92,7 +116,7 @@ impl InputNote {
             || "enforce validity",
             |_| value.lc(),
             |lc| lc + CS::one() - enforce.get_variable(),
-            |lc| lc,
+            |lc| lc
         );
 
         assert_eq!(cur.len(), rt.len());
@@ -108,11 +132,14 @@ impl InputNote {
                 || format!("conditionally enforce correct root for bit {}", i),
                 |_| cur.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()) - &rt.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
                 |lc| lc + enforce.get_variable(),
-                |lc| lc,
+                |lc| lc
             );
         }
 
-        Ok(InputNote { mac: mac, nf: nf })
+        Ok(InputNote {
+            mac: mac,
+            nf: nf
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -122,11 +149,9 @@ pub fn conditionally_swap_u256<E, CS>(
     mut cs: CS,
     lhs: &[Boolean],
     rhs: &[Boolean],
-    condition: &AllocatedBit,
+    condition: &AllocatedBit
 ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     assert_eq!(lhs.len(), 256);
     assert_eq!(rhs.len(), 256);
@@ -139,9 +164,13 @@ where
 
         let x = Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(
             cs.namespace(|| "x"),
-            condition
+            condition.get_value().and_then(|v| {
-                .get_value()
+                if v {
-                .and_then(|v| if v { rhs.get_value() } else { lhs.get_value() }),
+                    rhs.get_value()
+                } else {
+                    lhs.get_value()
+                }
+            })
         )?);
 
         // x = (1-condition)lhs + (condition)rhs
@@ -155,25 +184,33 @@ where
         //   x = rhs
         cs.enforce(
             || "conditional swap for x",
-            |lc| lc + &rhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()) - &lhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
+            |lc| lc + &rhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one())
+                    - &lhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
             |lc| lc + condition.get_variable(),
-            |lc| lc + &x.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()) - &lhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
+            |lc| lc + &x.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one())
+                    - &lhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one())
         );
 
         let y = Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(
             cs.namespace(|| "y"),
-            condition
+            condition.get_value().and_then(|v| {
-                .get_value()
+                if v {
-                .and_then(|v| if v { lhs.get_value() } else { rhs.get_value() }),
+                    lhs.get_value()
+                } else {
+                    rhs.get_value()
+                }
+            })
         )?);
 
         // y = (1-condition)rhs + (condition)lhs
         // y - rhs = condition (lhs - rhs)
         cs.enforce(
             || "conditional swap for y",
-            |lc| lc + &lhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()) - &rhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
+            |lc| lc + &lhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one())
+                    - &rhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
             |lc| lc + condition.get_variable(),
-            |lc| lc + &y.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()) - &rhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one()),
+            |lc| lc + &y.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one())
+                    - &rhs.lc(CS::one(), E::Fr::one())
         );
 
         new_lhs.push(x);

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/sprout/mod.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-use bellman::gadgets::boolean::{AllocatedBit, Boolean};
-use bellman::gadgets::multipack::pack_into_inputs;
-use bellman::{Circuit, ConstraintSystem, LinearCombination, SynthesisError};
 use ff::Field;
 use pairing::Engine;
+use bellman::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError, Circuit, LinearCombination};
+use circuit::boolean::{
+    AllocatedBit,
+    Boolean
+};
+use circuit::multipack::pack_into_inputs;
 
+mod prfs;
 mod commitment;
 mod input;
 mod output;
-mod prfs;
 
 use self::input::*;
 use self::output::*;
@@ -34,29 +37,39 @@ pub struct JSInput {
     pub a_sk: Option<SpendingKey>,
     pub rho: Option<UniqueRandomness>,
     pub r: Option<CommitmentRandomness>,
-    pub auth_path: [Option<([u8; 32], bool)>; TREE_DEPTH],
+    pub auth_path: [Option<([u8; 32], bool)>; TREE_DEPTH]
 }
 
 pub struct JSOutput {
     pub value: Option<u64>,
     pub a_pk: Option<PayingKey>,
-    pub r: Option<CommitmentRandomness>,
+    pub r: Option<CommitmentRandomness>
 }
 
 impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
-    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(self, cs: &mut CS) -> Result<(), SynthesisError> {
+    fn synthesize<CS: ConstraintSystem<E>>(
+        self,
+        cs: &mut CS
+    ) -> Result<(), SynthesisError>
+    {
         assert_eq!(self.inputs.len(), 2);
         assert_eq!(self.outputs.len(), 2);
 
         // vpub_old is the value entering the
         // JoinSplit from the "outside" value
         // pool
-        let vpub_old = NoteValue::new(cs.namespace(|| "vpub_old"), self.vpub_old)?;
+        let vpub_old = NoteValue::new(
+            cs.namespace(|| "vpub_old"),
+            self.vpub_old
+        )?;
 
         // vpub_new is the value leaving the
         // JoinSplit into the "outside" value
         // pool
-        let vpub_new = NoteValue::new(cs.namespace(|| "vpub_new"), self.vpub_new)?;
+        let vpub_new = NoteValue::new(
+            cs.namespace(|| "vpub_new"),
+            self.vpub_new
+        )?;
 
         // The left hand side of the balance equation
         // vpub_old + inputs[0].value + inputs[1].value
@@ -67,17 +80,22 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
         let mut rhs = vpub_new.lc();
 
         // Witness rt (merkle tree root)
-        let rt = witness_u256(cs.namespace(|| "rt"), self.rt.as_ref().map(|v| &v[..])).unwrap();
+        let rt = witness_u256(
+            cs.namespace(|| "rt"),
+            self.rt.as_ref().map(|v| &v[..])
+        ).unwrap();
 
         // Witness h_sig
         let h_sig = witness_u256(
             cs.namespace(|| "h_sig"),
-            self.h_sig.as_ref().map(|v| &v[..]),
+            self.h_sig.as_ref().map(|v| &v[..])
-        )
+        ).unwrap();
-        .unwrap();
 
         // Witness phi
-        let phi = witness_u252(cs.namespace(|| "phi"), self.phi.as_ref().map(|v| &v[..])).unwrap();
+        let phi = witness_u252(
+            cs.namespace(|| "phi"),
+            self.phi.as_ref().map(|v| &v[..])
+        ).unwrap();
 
         let mut input_notes = vec![];
         let mut lhs_total = self.vpub_old;
@@ -92,14 +110,17 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
             }
 
             // Allocate the value of the note
-            let value = NoteValue::new(cs.namespace(|| "value"), input.value)?;
+            let value = NoteValue::new(
+                cs.namespace(|| "value"),
+                input.value
+            )?;
 
             // Compute the nonce (for PRF inputs) which is false
             // for the first input, and true for the second input.
             let nonce = match i {
                 0 => false,
                 1 => true,
-                _ => unreachable!(),
+                _ => unreachable!()
             };
 
             // Perform input note computations
@@ -112,7 +133,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
                 &h_sig,
                 nonce,
                 input.auth_path,
-                &rt,
+                &rt
             )?);
 
             // Add the note value to the left hand side of
@@ -127,8 +148,10 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
         {
             // Expected sum of the left hand side of the balance
             // equation, expressed as a 64-bit unsigned integer
-            let lhs_total =
+            let lhs_total = NoteValue::new(
-                NoteValue::new(cs.namespace(|| "total value of left hand side"), lhs_total)?;
+                cs.namespace(|| "total value of left hand side"),
+                lhs_total
+            )?;
 
             // Enforce that the left hand side can be expressed as a 64-bit
             // integer
@@ -136,7 +159,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
                 || "left hand side can be expressed as a 64-bit unsigned integer",
                 |_| lhs.clone(),
                 |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-                |_| lhs_total.lc(),
+                |_| lhs_total.lc()
             );
         }
 
@@ -146,14 +169,17 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
         for (i, output) in self.outputs.into_iter().enumerate() {
             let cs = &mut cs.namespace(|| format!("output {}", i));
 
-            let value = NoteValue::new(cs.namespace(|| "value"), output.value)?;
+            let value = NoteValue::new(
+                cs.namespace(|| "value"),
+                output.value
+            )?;
 
             // Compute the nonce (for PRF inputs) which is false
             // for the first output, and true for the second output.
             let nonce = match i {
                 0 => false,
                 1 => true,
-                _ => unreachable!(),
+                _ => unreachable!()
             };
 
             // Perform output note computations
@@ -164,7 +190,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
                 output.r,
                 &phi,
                 &h_sig,
-                nonce,
+                nonce
             )?);
 
             // Add the note value to the right hand side of
@@ -177,7 +203,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
             || "balance equation",
             |_| lhs.clone(),
             |lc| lc + CS::one(),
-            |_| rhs,
+            |_| rhs
         );
 
         let mut public_inputs = vec![];
@@ -203,14 +229,15 @@ impl<E: Engine> Circuit<E> for JoinSplit {
 pub struct NoteValue {
     value: Option<u64>,
     // Least significant digit first
-    bits: Vec<AllocatedBit>,
+    bits: Vec<AllocatedBit>
 }
 
 impl NoteValue {
-    fn new<E, CS>(mut cs: CS, value: Option<u64>) -> Result<NoteValue, SynthesisError>
+    fn new<E, CS>(
-    where
+        mut cs: CS,
-        E: Engine,
+        value: Option<u64>
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+    ) -> Result<NoteValue, SynthesisError>
+        where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
     {
         let mut values;
         match value {
@@ -220,7 +247,7 @@ impl NoteValue {
                     values.push(Some(val & 1 == 1));
                     val >>= 1;
                 }
-            }
+            },
             None => {
                 values = vec![None; 64];
             }
@@ -228,23 +255,24 @@ impl NoteValue {
 
         let mut bits = vec![];
         for (i, value) in values.into_iter().enumerate() {
-            bits.push(AllocatedBit::alloc(
+            bits.push(
+                AllocatedBit::alloc(
                     cs.namespace(|| format!("bit {}", i)),
-                value,
+                    value
-            )?);
+                )?
+            );
         }
 
         Ok(NoteValue {
             value: value,
-            bits: bits,
+            bits: bits
         })
     }
 
     /// Encodes the bits of the value into little-endian
     /// byte order.
     fn bits_le(&self) -> Vec<Boolean> {
-        self.bits
+        self.bits.chunks(8)
-            .chunks(8)
                  .flat_map(|v| v.iter().rev())
                  .cloned()
                  .map(|e| Boolean::from(e))
@@ -276,16 +304,13 @@ fn witness_bits<E, CS>(
     mut cs: CS,
     value: Option<&[u8]>,
     num_bits: usize,
-    skip_bits: usize,
+    skip_bits: usize
 ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     let bit_values = if let Some(value) = value {
         let mut tmp = vec![];
-        for b in value
+        for b in value.iter()
-            .iter()
                       .flat_map(|&m| (0..8).rev().map(move |i| m >> i & 1 == 1))
                       .skip(skip_bits)
         {
@@ -302,35 +327,37 @@ where
     for (i, value) in bit_values.into_iter().enumerate() {
         bits.push(Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(
             cs.namespace(|| format!("bit {}", i)),
-            value,
+            value
         )?));
     }
 
     Ok(bits)
 }
 
-fn witness_u256<E, CS>(cs: CS, value: Option<&[u8]>) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+fn witness_u256<E, CS>(
-where
+    cs: CS,
-    E: Engine,
+    value: Option<&[u8]>,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     witness_bits(cs, value, 256, 0)
 }
 
-fn witness_u252<E, CS>(cs: CS, value: Option<&[u8]>) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+fn witness_u252<E, CS>(
-where
+    cs: CS,
-    E: Engine,
+    value: Option<&[u8]>,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     witness_bits(cs, value, 252, 4)
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_sprout_constraints() {
-    use bellman::gadgets::test::*;
+    use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12};
-    use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
+    use ::circuit::test::*;
 
-    use byteorder::{LittleEndian, ReadBytesExt, WriteBytesExt};
+    use byteorder::{WriteBytesExt, ReadBytesExt, LittleEndian};
 
     let test_vector = include_bytes!("test_vectors.dat");
     let mut test_vector = &test_vector[..];
@@ -366,7 +393,9 @@ fn test_sprout_constraints() {
             }
             let mut position = test_vector.read_u64::<LittleEndian>().unwrap();
             for i in 0..TREE_DEPTH {
-                auth_path[i].as_mut().map(|p| p.1 = (position & 1) == 1);
+                auth_path[i].as_mut().map(|p| {
+                    p.1 = (position & 1) == 1
+                });
 
                 position >>= 1;
             }
@@ -378,13 +407,15 @@ fn test_sprout_constraints() {
             let r = Some(CommitmentRandomness(get_u256(&mut test_vector)));
             let a_sk = Some(SpendingKey(get_u256(&mut test_vector)));
 
-            inputs.push(JSInput {
+            inputs.push(
+                JSInput {
                     value: value,
                     a_sk: a_sk,
                     rho: rho,
                     r: r,
-                auth_path: auth_path,
+                    auth_path: auth_path
-            });
+                }
+            );
         }
 
         let mut outputs = vec![];
@@ -395,11 +426,13 @@ fn test_sprout_constraints() {
             get_u256(&mut test_vector);
             let r = Some(CommitmentRandomness(get_u256(&mut test_vector)));
 
-            outputs.push(JSOutput {
+            outputs.push(
+                JSOutput {
                     value: value,
                     a_pk: a_pk,
-                r: r,
+                    r: r
-            });
+                }
+            );
         }
 
         let vpub_old = Some(test_vector.read_u64::<LittleEndian>().unwrap());
@@ -421,7 +454,7 @@ fn test_sprout_constraints() {
             phi: phi,
             inputs: inputs,
             outputs: outputs,
-            rt: rt,
+            rt: rt
         };
 
         js.synthesize(&mut cs).unwrap();
@@ -432,10 +465,7 @@ fn test_sprout_constraints() {
         assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
         assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints(), 1989085);
         assert_eq!(cs.num_inputs(), 10);
-        assert_eq!(
+        assert_eq!(cs.hash(), "1a228d3c6377130d1778c7885811dc8b8864049cb5af8aff7e6cd46c5bc4b84c");
-            cs.hash(),
-            "1a228d3c6377130d1778c7885811dc8b8864049cb5af8aff7e6cd46c5bc4b84c"
-        );
 
         let mut expected_inputs = vec![];
         expected_inputs.extend(rt.unwrap().to_vec());
@@ -446,14 +476,10 @@ fn test_sprout_constraints() {
         expected_inputs.extend(mac2.to_vec());
         expected_inputs.extend(cm1.to_vec());
         expected_inputs.extend(cm2.to_vec());
-        expected_inputs
+        expected_inputs.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(vpub_old.unwrap()).unwrap();
-            .write_u64::<LittleEndian>(vpub_old.unwrap())
+        expected_inputs.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(vpub_new.unwrap()).unwrap();
-            .unwrap();
-        expected_inputs
-            .write_u64::<LittleEndian>(vpub_new.unwrap())
-            .unwrap();
 
-        use bellman::gadgets::multipack;
+        use circuit::multipack;
 
         let expected_inputs = multipack::bytes_to_bits(&expected_inputs);
         let expected_inputs = multipack::compute_multipacking::<Bls12>(&expected_inputs);

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/sprout/output.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-use bellman::gadgets::boolean::Boolean;
+use pairing::{Engine};
 use bellman::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
-use pairing::Engine;
+use circuit::boolean::{Boolean};
 
-use super::commitment::note_comm;
-use super::prfs::*;
 use super::*;
+use super::prfs::*;
+use super::commitment::note_comm;
 
 pub struct OutputNote {
-    pub cm: Vec<Boolean>,
+    pub cm: Vec<Boolean>
 }
 
 impl OutputNote {
@@ -18,29 +18,37 @@ impl OutputNote {
         r: Option<CommitmentRandomness>,
         phi: &[Boolean],
         h_sig: &[Boolean],
-        nonce: bool,
+        nonce: bool
     ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
-    where
+        where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
-        E: Engine,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
     {
-        let rho = prf_rho(cs.namespace(|| "rho"), phi, h_sig, nonce)?;
+        let rho = prf_rho(
+            cs.namespace(|| "rho"),
+            phi,
+            h_sig,
+            nonce
+        )?;
 
         let a_pk = witness_u256(
             cs.namespace(|| "a_pk"),
-            a_pk.as_ref().map(|a_pk| &a_pk.0[..]),
+            a_pk.as_ref().map(|a_pk| &a_pk.0[..])
         )?;
 
-        let r = witness_u256(cs.namespace(|| "r"), r.as_ref().map(|r| &r.0[..]))?;
+        let r = witness_u256(
+            cs.namespace(|| "r"),
+            r.as_ref().map(|r| &r.0[..])
+        )?;
 
         let cm = note_comm(
             cs.namespace(|| "cm computation"),
             &a_pk,
             &value.bits_le(),
             &rho,
-            &r,
+            &r
         )?;
 
-        Ok(OutputNote { cm: cm })
+        Ok(OutputNote {
+            cm: cm
+        })
     }
 }

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/sprout/prfs.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-use bellman::gadgets::boolean::Boolean;
+use pairing::{Engine};
-use bellman::gadgets::sha256::sha256_block_no_padding;
 use bellman::{ConstraintSystem, SynthesisError};
-use pairing::Engine;
+use circuit::sha256::{
+    sha256_block_no_padding
+};
+use circuit::boolean::{
+    Boolean
+};
 
 fn prf<E, CS>(
     cs: CS,
@@ -10,11 +14,9 @@ fn prf<E, CS>(
     c: bool,
     d: bool,
     x: &[Boolean],
-    y: &[Boolean],
+    y: &[Boolean]
 ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     assert_eq!(x.len(), 252);
     assert_eq!(y.len(), 256);
@@ -29,35 +31,27 @@ where
 
     assert_eq!(image.len(), 512);
 
-    sha256_block_no_padding(cs, &image)
+    sha256_block_no_padding(
+        cs,
+        &image
+    )
 }
 
-pub fn prf_a_pk<E, CS>(cs: CS, a_sk: &[Boolean]) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+pub fn prf_a_pk<E, CS>(
-where
+    cs: CS,
-    E: Engine,
+    a_sk: &[Boolean]
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
 {
-    prf(
+    prf(cs, true, true, false, false, a_sk, &(0..256).map(|_| Boolean::constant(false)).collect::<Vec<_>>())
-        cs,
-        true,
-        true,
-        false,
-        false,
-        a_sk,
-        &(0..256)
-            .map(|_| Boolean::constant(false))
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
-    )
 }
 
 pub fn prf_nf<E, CS>(
     cs: CS,
     a_sk: &[Boolean],
-    rho: &[Boolean],
+    rho: &[Boolean]
 ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     prf(cs, true, true, true, false, a_sk, rho)
 }
@@ -66,11 +60,9 @@ pub fn prf_pk<E, CS>(
     cs: CS,
     a_sk: &[Boolean],
     h_sig: &[Boolean],
-    nonce: bool,
+    nonce: bool
 ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     prf(cs, false, nonce, false, false, a_sk, h_sig)
 }
@@ -79,11 +71,9 @@ pub fn prf_rho<E, CS>(
     cs: CS,
     phi: &[Boolean],
     h_sig: &[Boolean],
-    nonce: bool,
+    nonce: bool
 ) -> Result<Vec<Boolean>, SynthesisError>
-where
+    where E: Engine, CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
-    E: Engine,
-    CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
 {
     prf(cs, false, nonce, true, false, phi, h_sig)
 }

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/test/mod.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 use ff::{Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
 use pairing::Engine;
 
-use crate::{ConstraintSystem, Index, LinearCombination, SynthesisError, Variable};
+use bellman::{
+    LinearCombination,
+    SynthesisError,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    Variable,
+    Index
+};
 
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Write;
@@ -10,13 +16,13 @@ use byteorder::{BigEndian, ByteOrder};
 use std::cmp::Ordering;
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 
-use blake2s_simd::{Params as Blake2sParams, State as Blake2sState};
+use blake2_rfc::blake2s::Blake2s;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 enum NamedObject {
     Constraint(usize),
     Var(Variable),
-    Namespace,
+    Namespace
 }
 
 /// Constraint system for testing purposes.
@@ -27,10 +33,10 @@ pub struct TestConstraintSystem<E: Engine> {
         LinearCombination<E>,
         LinearCombination<E>,
         LinearCombination<E>,
-        String,
+        String
     )>,
     inputs: Vec<(E::Fr, String)>,
-    aux: Vec<(E::Fr, String)>,
+    aux: Vec<(E::Fr, String)>
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
@@ -42,7 +48,7 @@ impl PartialEq for OrderedVariable {
         match (self.0.get_unchecked(), other.0.get_unchecked()) {
             (Index::Input(ref a), Index::Input(ref b)) => a == b,
             (Index::Aux(ref a), Index::Aux(ref b)) => a == b,
-            _ => false,
+            _ => false
         }
     }
 }
@@ -57,12 +63,15 @@ impl Ord for OrderedVariable {
             (Index::Input(ref a), Index::Input(ref b)) => a.cmp(b),
             (Index::Aux(ref a), Index::Aux(ref b)) => a.cmp(b),
             (Index::Input(_), Index::Aux(_)) => Ordering::Less,
-            (Index::Aux(_), Index::Input(_)) => Ordering::Greater,
+            (Index::Aux(_), Index::Input(_)) => Ordering::Greater
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn proc_lc<E: Engine>(terms: &[(Variable, E::Fr)]) -> BTreeMap<OrderedVariable, E::Fr> {
+fn proc_lc<E: Engine>(
+    terms: &[(Variable, E::Fr)],
+) -> BTreeMap<OrderedVariable, E::Fr>
+{
     let mut map = BTreeMap::new();
     for &(var, coeff) in terms {
         map.entry(OrderedVariable(var))
@@ -85,7 +94,11 @@ fn proc_lc<E: Engine>(terms: &[(Variable, E::Fr)]) -> BTreeMap<OrderedVariable,
     map
 }
 
-fn hash_lc<E: Engine>(terms: &[(Variable, E::Fr)], h: &mut Blake2sState) {
+fn hash_lc<E: Engine>(
+    terms: &[(Variable, E::Fr)],
+    h: &mut Blake2s
+)
+{
     let map = proc_lc::<E>(terms);
 
     let mut buf = [0u8; 9 + 32];
@@ -97,7 +110,7 @@ fn hash_lc<E: Engine>(terms: &[(Variable, E::Fr)], h: &mut Blake2sState) {
             Index::Input(i) => {
                 buf[0] = b'I';
                 BigEndian::write_u64(&mut buf[1..9], i as u64);
-            }
+            },
             Index::Aux(i) => {
                 buf[0] = b'A';
                 BigEndian::write_u64(&mut buf[1..9], i as u64);
@@ -113,14 +126,15 @@ fn hash_lc<E: Engine>(terms: &[(Variable, E::Fr)], h: &mut Blake2sState) {
 fn eval_lc<E: Engine>(
     terms: &[(Variable, E::Fr)],
     inputs: &[(E::Fr, String)],
-    aux: &[(E::Fr, String)],
+    aux: &[(E::Fr, String)]
-) -> E::Fr {
+) -> E::Fr
+{
     let mut acc = E::Fr::zero();
 
     for &(var, ref coeff) in terms {
         let mut tmp = match var.get_unchecked() {
             Index::Input(index) => inputs[index].0,
-            Index::Aux(index) => aux[index].0,
+            Index::Aux(index) => aux[index].0
         };
 
         tmp.mul_assign(&coeff);
@@ -133,17 +147,14 @@ fn eval_lc<E: Engine>(
 impl<E: Engine> TestConstraintSystem<E> {
     pub fn new() -> TestConstraintSystem<E> {
         let mut map = HashMap::new();
-        map.insert(
+        map.insert("ONE".into(), NamedObject::Var(TestConstraintSystem::<E>::one()));
-            "ONE".into(),
-            NamedObject::Var(TestConstraintSystem::<E>::one()),
-        );
 
         TestConstraintSystem {
             named_objects: map,
             current_namespace: vec![],
             constraints: vec![],
             inputs: vec![(E::Fr::one(), "ONE".into())],
-            aux: vec![],
+            aux: vec![]
         }
     }
 
@@ -156,9 +167,9 @@ impl<E: Engine> TestConstraintSystem<E> {
             tmp
         };
 
-        let powers_of_two = (0..E::Fr::NUM_BITS)
+        let powers_of_two = (0..E::Fr::NUM_BITS).map(|i| {
-            .map(|i| E::Fr::from_str("2").unwrap().pow(&[i as u64]))
+            E::Fr::from_str("2").unwrap().pow(&[i as u64])
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        }).collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
         let pp = |s: &mut String, lc: &LinearCombination<E>| {
             write!(s, "(").unwrap();
@@ -185,7 +196,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> TestConstraintSystem<E> {
                 match var.0.get_unchecked() {
                     Index::Input(i) => {
                         write!(s, "`{}`", &self.inputs[i].1).unwrap();
-                    }
+                    },
                     Index::Aux(i) => {
                         write!(s, "`{}`", &self.aux[i].1).unwrap();
                     }
@@ -215,7 +226,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> TestConstraintSystem<E> {
     }
 
     pub fn hash(&self) -> String {
-        let mut h = Blake2sParams::new().hash_length(32).to_state();
+        let mut h = Blake2s::new(32);
         {
             let mut buf = [0u8; 24];
 
@@ -248,41 +259,45 @@ impl<E: Engine> TestConstraintSystem<E> {
             a.mul_assign(&b);
 
             if a != c {
-                return Some(&*path);
+                return Some(&*path)
             }
         }
 
         None
     }
 
-    pub fn is_satisfied(&self) -> bool {
+    pub fn is_satisfied(&self) -> bool
+    {
         self.which_is_unsatisfied().is_none()
     }
 
-    pub fn num_constraints(&self) -> usize {
+    pub fn num_constraints(&self) -> usize
+    {
         self.constraints.len()
     }
 
-    pub fn set(&mut self, path: &str, to: E::Fr) {
+    pub fn set(&mut self, path: &str, to: E::Fr)
+    {
         match self.named_objects.get(path) {
-            Some(&NamedObject::Var(ref v)) => match v.get_unchecked() {
+            Some(&NamedObject::Var(ref v)) => {
+                match v.get_unchecked() {
                     Index::Input(index) => self.inputs[index].0 = to,
-                Index::Aux(index) => self.aux[index].0 = to,
+                    Index::Aux(index) => self.aux[index].0 = to
-            },
+                }
-            Some(e) => panic!(
+            }
-                "tried to set path `{}` to value, but `{:?}` already exists there.",
+            Some(e) => panic!("tried to set path `{}` to value, but `{:?}` already exists there.", path, e),
-                path, e
+            _ => panic!("no variable exists at path: {}", path)
-            ),
-            _ => panic!("no variable exists at path: {}", path),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn verify(&self, expected: &[E::Fr]) -> bool {
+    pub fn verify(&self, expected: &[E::Fr]) -> bool
+    {
         assert_eq!(expected.len() + 1, self.inputs.len());
 
-        for (a, b) in self.inputs.iter().skip(1).zip(expected.iter()) {
+        for (a, b) in self.inputs.iter().skip(1).zip(expected.iter())
+        {
             if &a.0 != b {
-                return false;
+                return false
             }
         }
 
@@ -293,7 +308,8 @@ impl<E: Engine> TestConstraintSystem<E> {
         self.inputs.len()
     }
 
-    pub fn get_input(&mut self, index: usize, path: &str) -> E::Fr {
+    pub fn get_input(&mut self, index: usize, path: &str) -> E::Fr
+    {
         let (assignment, name) = self.inputs[index].clone();
 
         assert_eq!(path, name);
@@ -301,17 +317,17 @@ impl<E: Engine> TestConstraintSystem<E> {
         assignment
     }
 
-    pub fn get(&mut self, path: &str) -> E::Fr {
+    pub fn get(&mut self, path: &str) -> E::Fr
+    {
         match self.named_objects.get(path) {
-            Some(&NamedObject::Var(ref v)) => match v.get_unchecked() {
+            Some(&NamedObject::Var(ref v)) => {
+                match v.get_unchecked() {
                     Index::Input(index) => self.inputs[index].0,
-                Index::Aux(index) => self.aux[index].0,
+                    Index::Aux(index) => self.aux[index].0
-            },
+                }
-            Some(e) => panic!(
+            }
-                "tried to get value of path `{}`, but `{:?}` exists there (not a variable)",
+            Some(e) => panic!("tried to get value of path `{}`, but `{:?}` exists there (not a variable)", path, e),
-                path, e
+            _ => panic!("no variable exists at path: {}", path)
-            ),
-            _ => panic!("no variable exists at path: {}", path),
         }
     }
 
@@ -332,7 +348,8 @@ fn compute_path(ns: &[String], this: String) -> String {
     let mut name = String::new();
 
     let mut needs_separation = false;
-    for ns in ns.iter().chain(Some(&this).into_iter()) {
+    for ns in ns.iter().chain(Some(&this).into_iter())
+    {
         if needs_separation {
             name += "/";
         }
@@ -347,11 +364,12 @@ fn compute_path(ns: &[String], this: String) -> String {
 impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for TestConstraintSystem<E> {
     type Root = Self;
 
-    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         let index = self.aux.len();
         let path = compute_path(&self.current_namespace, annotation().into());
@@ -362,11 +380,12 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for TestConstraintSystem<E> {
         Ok(var)
     }
 
-    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(&mut self, annotation: A, f: F) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+    fn alloc_input<F, A, AR>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>,
+        annotation: A,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        f: F
-        AR: Into<String>,
+    ) -> Result<Variable, SynthesisError>
+        where F: FnOnce() -> Result<E::Fr, SynthesisError>, A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>
     {
         let index = self.inputs.len();
         let path = compute_path(&self.current_namespace, annotation().into());
@@ -377,13 +396,17 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for TestConstraintSystem<E> {
         Ok(var)
     }
 
-    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(&mut self, annotation: A, a: LA, b: LB, c: LC)
+    fn enforce<A, AR, LA, LB, LC>(
-    where
+        &mut self,
-        A: FnOnce() -> AR,
+        annotation: A,
-        AR: Into<String>,
+        a: LA,
+        b: LB,
+        c: LC
+    )
+        where A: FnOnce() -> AR, AR: Into<String>,
               LA: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
               LB: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
-        LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>,
+              LC: FnOnce(LinearCombination<E>) -> LinearCombination<E>
     {
         let path = compute_path(&self.current_namespace, annotation().into());
         let index = self.constraints.len();
@@ -397,9 +420,7 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for TestConstraintSystem<E> {
     }
 
     fn push_namespace<NR, N>(&mut self, name_fn: N)
-    where
+    where NR: Into<String>, N: FnOnce() -> NR
-        NR: Into<String>,
-        N: FnOnce() -> NR,
     {
         let name = name_fn().into();
         let path = compute_path(&self.current_namespace, name.clone());
@@ -407,11 +428,13 @@ impl<E: Engine> ConstraintSystem<E> for TestConstraintSystem<E> {
         self.current_namespace.push(name);
     }
 
-    fn pop_namespace(&mut self) {
+    fn pop_namespace(&mut self)
+    {
         assert!(self.current_namespace.pop().is_some());
     }
 
-    fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root {
+    fn get_root(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Root
+    {
         self
     }
 }
@@ -424,26 +447,28 @@ fn test_cs() {
     let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
     assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
     assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints(), 0);
-    let a = cs
+    let a = cs.namespace(|| "a").alloc(|| "var", || Ok(Fr::from_str("10").unwrap())).unwrap();
-        .namespace(|| "a")
+    let b = cs.namespace(|| "b").alloc(|| "var", || Ok(Fr::from_str("4").unwrap())).unwrap();
-        .alloc(|| "var", || Ok(Fr::from_str("10").unwrap()))
+    let c = cs.alloc(|| "product", || Ok(Fr::from_str("40").unwrap())).unwrap();
-        .unwrap();
-    let b = cs
-        .namespace(|| "b")
-        .alloc(|| "var", || Ok(Fr::from_str("4").unwrap()))
-        .unwrap();
-    let c = cs
-        .alloc(|| "product", || Ok(Fr::from_str("40").unwrap()))
-        .unwrap();
 
-    cs.enforce(|| "mult", |lc| lc + a, |lc| lc + b, |lc| lc + c);
+    cs.enforce(
+        || "mult",
+        |lc| lc + a,
+        |lc| lc + b,
+        |lc| lc + c
+    );
     assert!(cs.is_satisfied());
     assert_eq!(cs.num_constraints(), 1);
 
     cs.set("a/var", Fr::from_str("4").unwrap());
 
     let one = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::one();
-    cs.enforce(|| "eq", |lc| lc + a, |lc| lc + one, |lc| lc + b);
+    cs.enforce(
+        || "eq",
+        |lc| lc + a,
+        |lc| lc + one,
+        |lc| lc + b
+    );
 
     assert!(!cs.is_satisfied());
     assert!(cs.which_is_unsatisfied() == Some("mult"));

sapling-crypto/src/circuit/uint32.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 use ff::{Field, PrimeField};
 use pairing::Engine;
 
-use crate::{ConstraintSystem, LinearCombination, SynthesisError};
+use bellman::{
+    SynthesisError,
+    ConstraintSystem,
+    LinearCombination
+};
 
-use super::boolean::{AllocatedBit, Boolean};
+use super::boolean::{
+    Boolean,
+    AllocatedBit
+};
 
 use super::multieq::MultiEq;
 
@@ -13,12 +20,13 @@ use super::multieq::MultiEq;
 pub struct UInt32 {
     // Least significant bit first
     bits: Vec<Boolean>,
-    value: Option<u32>,
+    value: Option<u32>
 }
 
 impl UInt32 {
     /// Construct a constant `UInt32` from a `u32`
-    pub fn constant(value: u32) -> Self {
+    pub fn constant(value: u32) -> Self
+    {
         let mut bits = Vec::with_capacity(32);
 
         let mut tmp = value;
@@ -34,15 +42,17 @@ impl UInt32 {
 
         UInt32 {
             bits: bits,
-            value: Some(value),
+            value: Some(value)
         }
     }
 
     /// Allocate a `UInt32` in the constraint system
-    pub fn alloc<E, CS>(mut cs: CS, value: Option<u32>) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn alloc<E, CS>(
-    where
+        mut cs: CS,
-        E: Engine,
+        value: Option<u32>
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+        where E: Engine,
+              CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
         let values = match value {
             Some(mut val) => {
@@ -54,24 +64,23 @@ impl UInt32 {
                 }
 
                 v
-            }
+            },
-            None => vec![None; 32],
+            None => vec![None; 32]
         };
 
-        let bits = values
+        let bits = values.into_iter()
-            .into_iter()
                          .enumerate()
                          .map(|(i, v)| {
                             Ok(Boolean::from(AllocatedBit::alloc(
                                 cs.namespace(|| format!("allocated bit {}", i)),
-                    v,
+                                v
                             )?))
                          })
                          .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, SynthesisError>>()?;
 
         Ok(UInt32 {
             bits: bits,
-            value: value,
+            value: value
         })
     }
 
@@ -87,22 +96,19 @@ impl UInt32 {
             value.as_mut().map(|v| *v <<= 1);
 
             match b.get_value() {
-                Some(true) => {
+                Some(true) => { value.as_mut().map(|v| *v |= 1); },
-                    value.as_mut().map(|v| *v |= 1);
+                Some(false) => {},
-                }
+                None => { value = None; }
-                Some(false) => {}
-                None => {
-                    value = None;
-                }
             }
         }
 
         UInt32 {
             value: value,
-            bits: bits.iter().rev().cloned().collect(),
+            bits: bits.iter().rev().cloned().collect()
         }
     }
 
+
     /// Turns this `UInt32` into its little-endian byte order representation.
     pub fn into_bits(&self) -> Vec<Boolean> {
         self.bits.clone()
@@ -110,7 +116,8 @@ impl UInt32 {
 
     /// Converts a little-endian byte order representation of bits into a
     /// `UInt32`.
-    pub fn from_bits(bits: &[Boolean]) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_bits(bits: &[Boolean]) -> Self
+    {
         assert_eq!(bits.len(), 32);
 
         let new_bits = bits.to_vec();
@@ -124,36 +131,34 @@ impl UInt32 {
                     if b {
                         value.as_mut().map(|v| *v |= 1);
                     }
-                }
-                &Boolean::Is(ref b) => match b.get_value() {
-                    Some(true) => {
-                        value.as_mut().map(|v| *v |= 1);
-                    }
-                    Some(false) => {}
-                    None => value = None,
                 },
-                &Boolean::Not(ref b) => match b.get_value() {
+                &Boolean::Is(ref b) => {
-                    Some(false) => {
+                    match b.get_value() {
-                        value.as_mut().map(|v| *v |= 1);
+                        Some(true) => { value.as_mut().map(|v| *v |= 1); },
+                        Some(false) => {},
+                        None => { value = None }
                     }
-                    Some(true) => {}
-                    None => value = None,
                 },
+                &Boolean::Not(ref b) => {
+                    match b.get_value() {
+                        Some(false) => { value.as_mut().map(|v| *v |= 1); },
+                        Some(true) => {},
+                        None => { value = None }
+                    }
+                }
             }
         }
 
         UInt32 {
             value: value,
-            bits: new_bits,
+            bits: new_bits
         }
     }
 
     pub fn rotr(&self, by: usize) -> Self {
         let by = by % 32;
 
-        let new_bits = self
+        let new_bits = self.bits.iter()
-            .bits
-            .iter()
                                 .skip(by)
                                 .chain(self.bits.iter())
                                 .take(32)
@@ -162,7 +167,7 @@ impl UInt32 {
 
         UInt32 {
             bits: new_bits,
-            value: self.value.map(|v| v.rotate_right(by as u32)),
+            value: self.value.map(|v| v.rotate_right(by as u32))
         }
     }
 
@@ -171,8 +176,7 @@ impl UInt32 {
 
         let fill = Boolean::constant(false);
 
-        let new_bits = self
+        let new_bits = self.bits
-            .bits
                            .iter() // The bits are least significant first
                            .skip(by) // Skip the bits that will be lost during the shift
                            .chain(Some(&fill).into_iter().cycle()) // Rest will be zeros
@@ -182,7 +186,7 @@ impl UInt32 {
 
         UInt32 {
             bits: new_bits,
-            value: self.value.map(|v| v >> by as u32),
+            value: self.value.map(|v| v >> by as u32)
         }
     }
 
@@ -192,22 +196,21 @@ impl UInt32 {
         b: &Self,
         c: &Self,
         tri_fn: F,
-        circuit_fn: U,
+        circuit_fn: U
     ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
-    where
+        where E: Engine,
-        E: Engine,
               CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
               F: Fn(u32, u32, u32) -> u32,
-        U: Fn(&mut CS, usize, &Boolean, &Boolean, &Boolean) -> Result<Boolean, SynthesisError>,
+              U: Fn(&mut CS, usize, &Boolean, &Boolean, &Boolean) -> Result<Boolean, SynthesisError>
     {
         let new_value = match (a.value, b.value, c.value) {
-            (Some(a), Some(b), Some(c)) => Some(tri_fn(a, b, c)),
+            (Some(a), Some(b), Some(c)) => {
-            _ => None,
+                Some(tri_fn(a, b, c))
+            },
+            _ => None
         };
 
-        let bits = a
+        let bits = a.bits.iter()
-            .bits
-            .iter()
                             .zip(b.bits.iter())
                             .zip(c.bits.iter())
                             .enumerate()
@@ -216,75 +219,98 @@ impl UInt32 {
 
         Ok(UInt32 {
             bits: bits,
-            value: new_value,
+            value: new_value
         })
     }
 
     /// Compute the `maj` value (a and b) xor (a and c) xor (b and c)
     /// during SHA256.
-    pub fn sha256_maj<E, CS>(cs: CS, a: &Self, b: &Self, c: &Self) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn sha256_maj<E, CS>(
-    where
+        cs: CS,
-        E: Engine,
+        a: &Self,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        b: &Self,
+        c: &Self
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+        where E: Engine,
+              CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
-        Self::triop(
+        Self::triop(cs, a, b, c, |a, b, c| (a & b) ^ (a & c) ^ (b & c),
-            cs,
+            |cs, i, a, b, c| {
+                Boolean::sha256_maj(
+                    cs.namespace(|| format!("maj {}", i)),
                     a,
                     b,
-            c,
+                    c
-            |a, b, c| (a & b) ^ (a & c) ^ (b & c),
+                )
-            |cs, i, a, b, c| Boolean::sha256_maj(cs.namespace(|| format!("maj {}", i)), a, b, c),
+            }
         )
     }
 
     /// Compute the `ch` value `(a and b) xor ((not a) and c)`
     /// during SHA256.
-    pub fn sha256_ch<E, CS>(cs: CS, a: &Self, b: &Self, c: &Self) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn sha256_ch<E, CS>(
-    where
+        cs: CS,
-        E: Engine,
+        a: &Self,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        b: &Self,
+        c: &Self
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+        where E: Engine,
+              CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
-        Self::triop(
+        Self::triop(cs, a, b, c, |a, b, c| (a & b) ^ ((!a) & c),
-            cs,
+            |cs, i, a, b, c| {
+                Boolean::sha256_ch(
+                    cs.namespace(|| format!("ch {}", i)),
                     a,
                     b,
-            c,
+                    c
-            |a, b, c| (a & b) ^ ((!a) & c),
+                )
-            |cs, i, a, b, c| Boolean::sha256_ch(cs.namespace(|| format!("ch {}", i)), a, b, c),
+            }
         )
     }
 
     /// XOR this `UInt32` with another `UInt32`
-    pub fn xor<E, CS>(&self, mut cs: CS, other: &Self) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn xor<E, CS>(
-    where
+        &self,
-        E: Engine,
+        mut cs: CS,
-        CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
+        other: &Self
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+        where E: Engine,
+              CS: ConstraintSystem<E>
     {
         let new_value = match (self.value, other.value) {
-            (Some(a), Some(b)) => Some(a ^ b),
+            (Some(a), Some(b)) => {
-            _ => None,
+                Some(a ^ b)
+            },
+            _ => None
         };
 
-        let bits = self
+        let bits = self.bits.iter()
-            .bits
-            .iter()
                             .zip(other.bits.iter())
                             .enumerate()
-            .map(|(i, (a, b))| Boolean::xor(cs.namespace(|| format!("xor of bit {}", i)), a, b))
+                            .map(|(i, (a, b))| {
+                                Boolean::xor(
+                                    cs.namespace(|| format!("xor of bit {}", i)),
+                                    a,
+                                    b
+                                )
+                            })
                             .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?;
 
         Ok(UInt32 {
             bits: bits,
-            value: new_value,
+            value: new_value
         })
     }
 
     /// Perform modular addition of several `UInt32` objects.
-    pub fn addmany<E, CS, M>(mut cs: M, operands: &[Self]) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+    pub fn addmany<E, CS, M>(
-    where
+        mut cs: M,
-        E: Engine,
+        operands: &[Self]
+    ) -> Result<Self, SynthesisError>
+        where E: Engine,
               CS: ConstraintSystem<E>,
-        M: ConstraintSystem<E, Root = MultiEq<E, CS>>,
+              M: ConstraintSystem<E, Root=MultiEq<E, CS>>
     {
         // Make some arbitrary bounds for ourselves to avoid overflows
         // in the scalar field
@@ -311,7 +337,7 @@ impl UInt32 {
             match op.value {
                 Some(val) => {
                     result_value.as_mut().map(|v| *v += val as u64);
-                }
+                },
                 None => {
                     // If any of our operands have unknown value, we won't
                     // know the value of the result
@@ -355,7 +381,7 @@ impl UInt32 {
             // Allocate the bit
             let b = AllocatedBit::alloc(
                 cs.namespace(|| format!("result bit {}", i)),
-                result_value.map(|v| (v >> i) & 1 == 1),
+                result_value.map(|v| (v >> i) & 1 == 1)
             )?;
 
             // Add this bit to the result combination
@@ -376,34 +402,28 @@ impl UInt32 {
 
         Ok(UInt32 {
             bits: result_bits,
-            value: modular_value,
+            value: modular_value
         })
     }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
-    use super::UInt32;
+    use rand::{XorShiftRng, SeedableRng, Rng};
-    use crate::gadgets::boolean::Boolean;
+    use ::circuit::boolean::{Boolean};
-    use crate::gadgets::multieq::MultiEq;
+    use super::{UInt32};
-    use crate::gadgets::test::*;
-    use crate::ConstraintSystem;
     use ff::Field;
-    use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
+    use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12};
-    use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+    use ::circuit::test::*;
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
+    use bellman::{ConstraintSystem};
+    use circuit::multieq::MultiEq;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_from_bits_be() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0653]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
-            let mut v = (0..32)
+            let mut v = (0..32).map(|_| Boolean::constant(rng.gen())).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                .map(|_| Boolean::constant(rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             let b = UInt32::from_bits_be(&v);
 
@@ -411,18 +431,19 @@ mod test {
                 match bit {
                     &Boolean::Constant(bit) => {
                         assert!(bit == ((b.value.unwrap() >> i) & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                    _ => unreachable!()
                 }
             }
 
             let expected_to_be_same = b.into_bits_be();
 
-            for x in v.iter().zip(expected_to_be_same.iter()) {
+            for x in v.iter().zip(expected_to_be_same.iter())
+            {
                 match x {
-                    (&Boolean::Constant(true), &Boolean::Constant(true)) => {}
+                    (&Boolean::Constant(true), &Boolean::Constant(true)) => {},
-                    (&Boolean::Constant(false), &Boolean::Constant(false)) => {}
+                    (&Boolean::Constant(false), &Boolean::Constant(false)) => {},
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                    _ => unreachable!()
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -430,15 +451,10 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_from_bits() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0653]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
-            let mut v = (0..32)
+            let mut v = (0..32).map(|_| Boolean::constant(rng.gen())).collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                .map(|_| Boolean::constant(rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
             let b = UInt32::from_bits(&v);
 
@@ -446,18 +462,19 @@ mod test {
                 match bit {
                     &Boolean::Constant(bit) => {
                         assert!(bit == ((b.value.unwrap() >> i) & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                    _ => unreachable!()
                 }
             }
 
             let expected_to_be_same = b.into_bits();
 
-            for x in v.iter().zip(expected_to_be_same.iter()) {
+            for x in v.iter().zip(expected_to_be_same.iter())
+            {
                 match x {
-                    (&Boolean::Constant(true), &Boolean::Constant(true)) => {}
+                    (&Boolean::Constant(true), &Boolean::Constant(true)) => {},
-                    (&Boolean::Constant(false), &Boolean::Constant(false)) => {}
+                    (&Boolean::Constant(false), &Boolean::Constant(false)) => {},
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                    _ => unreachable!()
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -465,17 +482,14 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_xor() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0653]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a = rng.next_u32();
+            let a: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let b = rng.next_u32();
+            let b: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let c = rng.next_u32();
+            let c: u32 = rng.gen();
 
             let mut expected = a ^ b ^ c;
 
@@ -494,10 +508,10 @@ mod test {
                 match b {
                     &Boolean::Is(ref b) => {
                         assert!(b.get_value().unwrap() == (expected & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
                     &Boolean::Not(ref b) => {
                         assert!(!b.get_value().unwrap() == (expected & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
                     &Boolean::Constant(b) => {
                         assert!(b == (expected & 1 == 1));
                     }
@@ -510,17 +524,14 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_addmany_constants() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a = rng.next_u32();
+            let a: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let b = rng.next_u32();
+            let b: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let c = rng.next_u32();
+            let c: u32 = rng.gen();
 
             let a_bit = UInt32::constant(a);
             let b_bit = UInt32::constant(b);
@@ -530,8 +541,7 @@ mod test {
 
             let r = {
                 let mut cs = MultiEq::new(&mut cs);
-                let r =
+                let r = UInt32::addmany(cs.namespace(|| "addition"), &[a_bit, b_bit, c_bit]).unwrap();
-                    UInt32::addmany(cs.namespace(|| "addition"), &[a_bit, b_bit, c_bit]).unwrap();
                 r
             };
 
@@ -553,18 +563,15 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_addmany() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a = rng.next_u32();
+            let a: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let b = rng.next_u32();
+            let b: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let c = rng.next_u32();
+            let c: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let d = rng.next_u32();
+            let d: u32 = rng.gen();
 
             let mut expected = (a ^ b).wrapping_add(c).wrapping_add(d);
 
@@ -588,11 +595,13 @@ mod test {
                 match b {
                     &Boolean::Is(ref b) => {
                         assert!(b.get_value().unwrap() == (expected & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
                     &Boolean::Not(ref b) => {
                         assert!(!b.get_value().unwrap() == (expected & 1 == 1));
+                    },
+                    &Boolean::Constant(_) => {
+                        unreachable!()
                     }
-                    &Boolean::Constant(_) => unreachable!(),
                 }
 
                 expected >>= 1;
@@ -611,12 +620,9 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_rotr() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
-        let mut num = rng.next_u32();
+        let mut num = rng.gen();
 
         let a = UInt32::constant(num);
 
@@ -631,8 +637,8 @@ mod test {
                 match b {
                     &Boolean::Constant(b) => {
                         assert_eq!(b, tmp & 1 == 1);
-                    }
+                    },
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                    _ => unreachable!()
                 }
 
                 tmp >>= 1;
@@ -644,14 +650,11 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_shr() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..50 {
             for i in 0..60 {
-                let num = rng.next_u32();
+                let num = rng.gen();
                 let a = UInt32::constant(num).shr(i);
                 let b = UInt32::constant(num.wrapping_shr(i as u32));
 
@@ -667,17 +670,14 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_sha256_maj() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0653]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a = rng.next_u32();
+            let a: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let b = rng.next_u32();
+            let b: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let c = rng.next_u32();
+            let c: u32 = rng.gen();
 
             let mut expected = (a & b) ^ (a & c) ^ (b & c);
 
@@ -695,10 +695,10 @@ mod test {
                 match b {
                     &Boolean::Is(ref b) => {
                         assert!(b.get_value().unwrap() == (expected & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
                     &Boolean::Not(ref b) => {
                         assert!(!b.get_value().unwrap() == (expected & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
                     &Boolean::Constant(b) => {
                         assert!(b == (expected & 1 == 1));
                     }
@@ -711,17 +711,14 @@ mod test {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_uint32_sha256_ch() {
-        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let mut rng = XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0653]);
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
             let mut cs = TestConstraintSystem::<Bls12>::new();
 
-            let a = rng.next_u32();
+            let a: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let b = rng.next_u32();
+            let b: u32 = rng.gen();
-            let c = rng.next_u32();
+            let c: u32 = rng.gen();
 
             let mut expected = (a & b) ^ ((!a) & c);
 
@@ -739,10 +736,10 @@ mod test {
                 match b {
                     &Boolean::Is(ref b) => {
                         assert!(b.get_value().unwrap() == (expected & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
                     &Boolean::Not(ref b) => {
                         assert!(!b.get_value().unwrap() == (expected & 1 == 1));
-                    }
+                    },
                     &Boolean::Constant(b) => {
                         assert!(b == (expected & 1 == 1));
                     }

sapling-crypto/src/constants.rs

@@ -2,31 +2,39 @@
 /// This is chosen to be some random string that we couldn't have anticipated when we designed
 /// the algorithm, for rigidity purposes.
 /// We deliberately use an ASCII hex string of 32 bytes here.
-pub const GH_FIRST_BLOCK: &'static [u8; 64] =
+pub const GH_FIRST_BLOCK: &'static [u8; 64]
-    b"096b36a5804bfacef1691e173c366a47ff5ba84a44f26ddd7e8d9f79d5b42df0";
+          = b"096b36a5804bfacef1691e173c366a47ff5ba84a44f26ddd7e8d9f79d5b42df0";
 
 // BLAKE2s invocation personalizations
 /// BLAKE2s Personalization for CRH^ivk = BLAKE2s(ak | nk)
-pub const CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8] = b"Zcashivk";
+pub const CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8]
+          = b"Zcashivk";
 
 /// BLAKE2s Personalization for PRF^nf = BLAKE2s(nk | rho)
-pub const PRF_NF_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8] = b"Zcash_nf";
+pub const PRF_NF_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8]
+          = b"Zcash_nf";
 
 // Group hash personalizations
 /// BLAKE2s Personalization for Pedersen hash generators.
-pub const PEDERSEN_HASH_GENERATORS_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8] = b"Zcash_PH";
+pub const PEDERSEN_HASH_GENERATORS_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8]
+          = b"Zcash_PH";
 
 /// BLAKE2s Personalization for the group hash for key diversification
-pub const KEY_DIVERSIFICATION_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8] = b"Zcash_gd";
+pub const KEY_DIVERSIFICATION_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8]
+          = b"Zcash_gd";
 
 /// BLAKE2s Personalization for the spending key base point
-pub const SPENDING_KEY_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8] = b"Zcash_G_";
+pub const SPENDING_KEY_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8]
+          = b"Zcash_G_";
 
 /// BLAKE2s Personalization for the proof generation key base point
-pub const PROOF_GENERATION_KEY_BASE_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8] = b"Zcash_H_";
+pub const PROOF_GENERATION_KEY_BASE_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8]
+          = b"Zcash_H_";
 
 /// BLAKE2s Personalization for the value commitment generator for the value
-pub const VALUE_COMMITMENT_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8] = b"Zcash_cv";
+pub const VALUE_COMMITMENT_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8]
+          = b"Zcash_cv";
 
 /// BLAKE2s Personalization for the nullifier position generator (for computing rho)
-pub const NULLIFIER_POSITION_IN_TREE_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8] = b"Zcash_J_";
+pub const NULLIFIER_POSITION_IN_TREE_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION: &'static [u8; 8]
+          = b"Zcash_J_";

sapling-crypto/src/group_hash.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
-use jubjub::{edwards, JubjubEngine, PrimeOrder};
+// Copyright The Hush Developers
+// Released under the GPLv3
 
-use ff::PrimeField;
+use jubjub::{
+    JubjubEngine,
+    PrimeOrder,
+    edwards
+};
 
-use blake2s_simd::Params;
+use ff::{
+    PrimeField
+};
+
+use blake2_rfc::blake2s::Blake2s;
 use constants;
 
 /// Produces a random point in the Jubjub curve.
@@ -11,22 +20,21 @@ use constants;
 pub fn group_hash<E: JubjubEngine>(
     tag: &[u8],
     personalization: &[u8],
-    params: &E::Params,
+    params: &E::Params
-) -> Option<edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>> {
+) -> Option<edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>>
+{
     assert_eq!(personalization.len(), 8);
 
     // Check to see that scalar field is 255 bits
     assert!(E::Fr::NUM_BITS == 255);
 
-    let h = Params::new()
+    let mut h = Blake2s::with_params(32, &[], &[], personalization);
-        .hash_length(32)
+    h.update(constants::GH_FIRST_BLOCK);
-        .personal(personalization)
+    h.update(tag);
-        .to_state()
+    let h = h.finalize().as_ref().to_vec();
-        .update(constants::GH_FIRST_BLOCK)
+    assert!(h.len() == 32);
-        .update(tag)
-        .finalize();
 
-    match edwards::Point::<E, _>::read(h.as_ref(), params) {
+    match edwards::Point::<E, _>::read(&h[..], params) {
         Ok(p) => {
             let p = p.mul_by_cofactor(params);
 
@@ -35,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn group_hash<E: JubjubEngine>(
             } else {
                 None
             }
-        }
+        },
-        Err(_) => None,
+        Err(_) => None
     }
 }

sapling-crypto/src/jubjub/edwards.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,24 @@
 use ff::{BitIterator, Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr, SqrtField};
 
-use super::{montgomery, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams, PrimeOrder, Unknown};
+use super::{
+    JubjubEngine,
+    JubjubParams,
+    Unknown,
+    PrimeOrder,
+    montgomery
+};
 
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::{
+    Rng
+};
 
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
-use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
+use std::io::{
+    self,
+    Write,
+    Read
+};
 
 // Represents the affine point (X/Z, Y/Z) via the extended
 // twisted Edwards coordinates.
@@ -19,38 +31,46 @@ pub struct Point<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> {
     y: E::Fr,
     t: E::Fr,
     z: E::Fr,
-    _marker: PhantomData<Subgroup>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<Subgroup>
 }
 
-fn convert_subgroup<E: JubjubEngine, S1, S2>(from: &Point<E, S1>) -> Point<E, S2> {
+fn convert_subgroup<E: JubjubEngine, S1, S2>(from: &Point<E, S1>) -> Point<E, S2>
+{
     Point {
         x: from.x,
         y: from.y,
         t: from.t,
         z: from.z,
-        _marker: PhantomData,
+        _marker: PhantomData
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: JubjubEngine> From<&Point<E, Unknown>> for Point<E, Unknown> {
+impl<E: JubjubEngine> From<&Point<E, Unknown>> for Point<E, Unknown>
-    fn from(p: &Point<E, Unknown>) -> Point<E, Unknown> {
+{
+    fn from(p: &Point<E, Unknown>) -> Point<E, Unknown>
+    {
         p.clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: JubjubEngine> From<Point<E, PrimeOrder>> for Point<E, Unknown> {
+impl<E: JubjubEngine> From<Point<E, PrimeOrder>> for Point<E, Unknown>
-    fn from(p: Point<E, PrimeOrder>) -> Point<E, Unknown> {
+{
+    fn from(p: Point<E, PrimeOrder>) -> Point<E, Unknown>
+    {
         convert_subgroup(&p)
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: JubjubEngine> From<&Point<E, PrimeOrder>> for Point<E, Unknown> {
+impl<E: JubjubEngine> From<&Point<E, PrimeOrder>> for Point<E, Unknown>
-    fn from(p: &Point<E, PrimeOrder>) -> Point<E, Unknown> {
+{
+    fn from(p: &Point<E, PrimeOrder>) -> Point<E, Unknown>
+    {
         convert_subgroup(p)
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Clone for Point<E, Subgroup> {
+impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Clone for Point<E, Subgroup>
+{
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         convert_subgroup(self)
     }
@@ -81,7 +101,11 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> PartialEq for Point<E, Subgroup> {
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine> Point<E, Unknown> {
-    pub fn read<R: Read>(reader: R, params: &E::Params) -> io::Result<Self> {
+    pub fn read<R: Read>(
+        reader: R,
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> io::Result<Self>
+    {
         let mut y_repr = <E::Fr as PrimeField>::Repr::default();
         y_repr.read_le(reader)?;
 
@@ -89,18 +113,22 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> Point<E, Unknown> {
         y_repr.as_mut()[3] &= 0x7fffffffffffffff;
 
         match E::Fr::from_repr(y_repr) {
-            Ok(y) => match Self::get_for_y(y, x_sign, params) {
+            Ok(y) => {
+                match Self::get_for_y(y, x_sign, params) {
                     Some(p) => Ok(p),
-                None => Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "not on curve")),
+                    None => {
+                        Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "not on curve"))
+                    }
+                }
             },
-            Err(_) => Err(io::Error::new(
+            Err(_) => {
-                io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput,
+                Err(io::Error::new(io::ErrorKind::InvalidInput, "y is not in field"))
-                "y is not in field",
+            }
-            )),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn get_for_y(y: E::Fr, sign: bool, params: &E::Params) -> Option<Self> {
+    pub fn get_for_y(y: E::Fr, sign: bool, params: &E::Params) -> Option<Self>
+    {
         // Given a y on the curve, x^2 = (y^2 - 1) / (dy^2 + 1)
         // This is defined for all valid y-coordinates,
         // as dy^2 + 1 = 0 has no solution in Fr.
@@ -136,30 +164,33 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> Point<E, Unknown> {
                             y: y,
                             t: t,
                             z: E::Fr::one(),
-                            _marker: PhantomData,
+                            _marker: PhantomData
                         })
+                    },
+                    None => None
                 }
-                    None => None,
+            },
-                }
+            None => None
-            }
-            None => None,
         }
     }
 
     /// This guarantees the point is in the prime order subgroup
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mul_by_cofactor(&self, params: &E::Params) -> Point<E, PrimeOrder> {
+    pub fn mul_by_cofactor(&self, params: &E::Params) -> Point<E, PrimeOrder>
-        let tmp = self.double(params).double(params).double(params);
+    {
+        let tmp = self.double(params)
+                      .double(params)
+                      .double(params);
 
         convert_subgroup(&tmp)
     }
 
-    pub fn rand<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R, params: &E::Params) -> Self {
+    pub fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R, params: &E::Params) -> Self
+    {
         loop {
-            let y = E::Fr::random(rng);
+            let y: E::Fr = rng.gen();
-            let sign = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
 
-            if let Some(p) = Self::get_for_y(y, sign, params) {
+            if let Some(p) = Self::get_for_y(y, rng.gen(), params) {
                 return p;
             }
         }
@@ -167,7 +198,11 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> Point<E, Unknown> {
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
-    pub fn write<W: Write>(&self, writer: W) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn write<W: Write>(
+        &self,
+        writer: W
+    ) -> io::Result<()>
+    {
         let (x, y) = self.into_xy();
 
         assert_eq!(E::Fr::NUM_BITS, 255);
@@ -182,12 +217,16 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
     }
 
     /// Convert from a Montgomery point
-    pub fn from_montgomery(m: &montgomery::Point<E, Subgroup>, params: &E::Params) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_montgomery(
+        m: &montgomery::Point<E, Subgroup>,
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> Self
+    {
         match m.into_xy() {
             None => {
                 // Map the point at infinity to the neutral element.
                 Point::zero()
-            }
+            },
             Some((x, y)) => {
                 // The map from a Montgomery curve is defined as:
                 // (x, y) -> (u, v) where
@@ -220,7 +259,7 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
                         y: neg1,
                         t: E::Fr::zero(),
                         z: E::Fr::one(),
-                        _marker: PhantomData,
+                        _marker: PhantomData
                     }
                 } else {
                     // Otherwise, as stated above, the mapping is still
@@ -279,7 +318,7 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
                         y: v,
                         t: t,
                         z: z,
-                        _marker: PhantomData,
+                        _marker: PhantomData
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -302,11 +341,12 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
             y: E::Fr::one(),
             t: E::Fr::zero(),
             z: E::Fr::one(),
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _marker: PhantomData
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn into_xy(&self) -> (E::Fr, E::Fr) {
+    pub fn into_xy(&self) -> (E::Fr, E::Fr)
+    {
         let zinv = self.z.inverse().unwrap();
 
         let mut x = self.x;
@@ -393,12 +433,13 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
             y: y3,
             t: t3,
             z: z3,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _marker: PhantomData
         }
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn add(&self, other: &Self, params: &E::Params) -> Self {
+    pub fn add(&self, other: &Self, params: &E::Params) -> Self
+    {
         // See "Twisted Edwards Curves Revisited"
         //     Huseyin Hisil, Kenneth Koon-Ho Wong, Gary Carter, and Ed Dawson
         //     3.1 Unified Addition in E^e
@@ -465,12 +506,17 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
             y: y3,
             t: t3,
             z: z3,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _marker: PhantomData
         }
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mul<S: Into<<E::Fs as PrimeField>::Repr>>(&self, scalar: S, params: &E::Params) -> Self {
+    pub fn mul<S: Into<<E::Fs as PrimeField>::Repr>>(
+        &self,
+        scalar: S,
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> Self
+    {
         // Standard double-and-add scalar multiplication
 
         let mut res = Self::zero();

sapling-crypto/src/jubjub/mod.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,10 @@ use group_hash::group_hash;
 
 use constants;
 
-use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
+use pairing::bls12_381::{
+    Bls12,
+    Fr
+};
 
 /// This is an implementation of the twisted Edwards Jubjub curve.
 pub mod edwards;
@@ -77,7 +80,7 @@ pub enum FixedGenerators {
     /// base at spend time.
     SpendingKeyGenerator = 5,
 
-    Max = 6,
+    Max = 6
 }
 
 pub trait ToUniform {
@@ -148,18 +151,10 @@ pub struct JubjubBls12 {
 }
 
 impl JubjubParams<Bls12> for JubjubBls12 {
-    fn edwards_d(&self) -> &Fr {
+    fn edwards_d(&self) -> &Fr { &self.edwards_d }
-        &self.edwards_d
+    fn montgomery_a(&self) -> &Fr { &self.montgomery_a }
-    }
+    fn montgomery_2a(&self) -> &Fr { &self.montgomery_2a }
-    fn montgomery_a(&self) -> &Fr {
+    fn scale(&self) -> &Fr { &self.scale }
-        &self.montgomery_a
-    }
-    fn montgomery_2a(&self) -> &Fr {
-        &self.montgomery_2a
-    }
-    fn scale(&self) -> &Fr {
-        &self.scale
-    }
     fn pedersen_hash_generators(&self) -> &[edwards::Point<Bls12, PrimeOrder>] {
         &self.pedersen_hash_generators
     }
@@ -175,10 +170,12 @@ impl JubjubParams<Bls12> for JubjubBls12 {
     fn pedersen_circuit_generators(&self) -> &[Vec<Vec<(Fr, Fr)>>] {
         &self.pedersen_circuit_generators
     }
-    fn generator(&self, base: FixedGenerators) -> &edwards::Point<Bls12, PrimeOrder> {
+    fn generator(&self, base: FixedGenerators) -> &edwards::Point<Bls12, PrimeOrder>
+    {
         &self.fixed_base_generators[base as usize]
     }
-    fn circuit_generators(&self, base: FixedGenerators) -> &[Vec<(Fr, Fr)>] {
+    fn circuit_generators(&self, base: FixedGenerators) -> &[Vec<(Fr, Fr)>]
+    {
         &self.fixed_base_circuit_generators[base as usize][..]
     }
     fn pedersen_hash_exp_window_size() -> u32 {
@@ -194,19 +191,13 @@ impl JubjubBls12 {
 
         let mut tmp_params = JubjubBls12 {
             // d = -(10240/10241)
-            edwards_d: Fr::from_str(
+            edwards_d: Fr::from_str("19257038036680949359750312669786877991949435402254120286184196891950884077233").unwrap(),
-                "19257038036680949359750312669786877991949435402254120286184196891950884077233",
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
             // A = 40962
             montgomery_a: montgomery_a,
             // 2A = 2.A
             montgomery_2a: montgomery_2a,
             // scaling factor = sqrt(4 / (a - d))
-            scale: Fr::from_str(
+            scale: Fr::from_str("17814886934372412843466061268024708274627479829237077604635722030778476050649").unwrap(),
-                "17814886934372412843466061268024708274627479829237077604635722030778476050649",
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
 
             // We'll initialize these below
             pedersen_hash_generators: vec![],
@@ -219,14 +210,19 @@ impl JubjubBls12 {
         fn find_group_hash<E: JubjubEngine>(
             m: &[u8],
             personalization: &[u8; 8],
-            params: &E::Params,
+            params: &E::Params
-        ) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder> {
+        ) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>
+        {
             let mut tag = m.to_vec();
             let i = tag.len();
             tag.push(0u8);
 
             loop {
-                let gh = group_hash(&tag, personalization, params);
+                let gh = group_hash(
+                    &tag,
+                    personalization,
+                    params
+                );
 
                 // We don't want to overflow and start reusing generators
                 assert!(tag[i] != u8::max_value());
@@ -243,18 +239,18 @@ impl JubjubBls12 {
             let mut pedersen_hash_generators = vec![];
 
             for m in 0..5 {
-                use byteorder::{LittleEndian, WriteBytesExt};
+                use byteorder::{WriteBytesExt, LittleEndian};
 
                 let mut segment_number = [0u8; 4];
-                (&mut segment_number[0..4])
+                (&mut segment_number[0..4]).write_u32::<LittleEndian>(m).unwrap();
-                    .write_u32::<LittleEndian>(m)
-                    .unwrap();
 
-                pedersen_hash_generators.push(find_group_hash(
+                pedersen_hash_generators.push(
+                    find_group_hash(
                         &segment_number,
                         constants::PEDERSEN_HASH_GENERATORS_PERSONALIZATION,
-                    &tmp_params,
+                        &tmp_params
-                ));
+                    )
+                );
             }
 
             // Check for duplicates, far worse than spec inconsistencies!
@@ -311,46 +307,25 @@ impl JubjubBls12 {
 
         // Create the bases for other parts of the protocol
         {
-            let mut fixed_base_generators =
+            let mut fixed_base_generators = vec![edwards::Point::zero(); FixedGenerators::Max as usize];
-                vec![edwards::Point::zero(); FixedGenerators::Max as usize];
 
-            fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::ProofGenerationKey as usize] = find_group_hash(
+            fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::ProofGenerationKey as usize] =
-                &[],
+                find_group_hash(&[], constants::PROOF_GENERATION_KEY_BASE_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION, &tmp_params);
-                constants::PROOF_GENERATION_KEY_BASE_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION,
-                &tmp_params,
-            );
 
             fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::NoteCommitmentRandomness as usize] =
-                find_group_hash(
+                find_group_hash(b"r", constants::PEDERSEN_HASH_GENERATORS_PERSONALIZATION, &tmp_params);
-                    b"r",
-                    constants::PEDERSEN_HASH_GENERATORS_PERSONALIZATION,
-                    &tmp_params,
-                );
 
-            fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::NullifierPosition as usize] = find_group_hash(
+            fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::NullifierPosition as usize] =
-                &[],
+                find_group_hash(&[], constants::NULLIFIER_POSITION_IN_TREE_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION, &tmp_params);
-                constants::NULLIFIER_POSITION_IN_TREE_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION,
-                &tmp_params,
-            );
 
-            fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentValue as usize] = find_group_hash(
+            fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentValue as usize] =
-                b"v",
+                find_group_hash(b"v", constants::VALUE_COMMITMENT_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION, &tmp_params);
-                constants::VALUE_COMMITMENT_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION,
-                &tmp_params,
-            );
 
             fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentRandomness as usize] =
-                find_group_hash(
+                find_group_hash(b"r", constants::VALUE_COMMITMENT_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION, &tmp_params);
-                    b"r",
-                    constants::VALUE_COMMITMENT_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION,
-                    &tmp_params,
-                );
 
-            fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator as usize] = find_group_hash(
+            fixed_base_generators[FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator as usize] =
-                &[],
+                find_group_hash(&[], constants::SPENDING_KEY_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION, &tmp_params);
-                constants::SPENDING_KEY_GENERATOR_PERSONALIZATION,
-                &tmp_params,
-            );
 
             // Check for duplicates, far worse than spec inconsistencies!
             for (i, p1) in fixed_base_generators.iter().enumerate() {
@@ -438,14 +413,10 @@ fn test_jubjub_bls12() {
     let test_repr = hex!("9d12b88b08dcbef8a11ee0712d94cb236ee2f4ca17317075bfafc82ce3139d31");
     let p = edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::read(&test_repr[..], &params).unwrap();
     let q = edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::get_for_y(
-        Fr::from_str(
+        Fr::from_str("22440861827555040311190986994816762244378363690614952020532787748720529117853").unwrap(),
-            "22440861827555040311190986994816762244378363690614952020532787748720529117853",
-        )
-        .unwrap(),
         false,
-        &params,
+        &params
-    )
+    ).unwrap();
-    .unwrap();
 
     assert!(p == q);
 
@@ -453,14 +424,10 @@ fn test_jubjub_bls12() {
     let test_repr = hex!("9d12b88b08dcbef8a11ee0712d94cb236ee2f4ca17317075bfafc82ce3139db1");
     let p = edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::read(&test_repr[..], &params).unwrap();
     let q = edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::get_for_y(
-        Fr::from_str(
+        Fr::from_str("22440861827555040311190986994816762244378363690614952020532787748720529117853").unwrap(),
-            "22440861827555040311190986994816762244378363690614952020532787748720529117853",
-        )
-        .unwrap(),
         true,
-        &params,
+        &params
-    )
+    ).unwrap();
-    .unwrap();
 
     assert!(p == q);
 }

sapling-crypto/src/jubjub/montgomery.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,16 @@
 use ff::{BitIterator, Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr, SqrtField};
 
-use super::{edwards, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams, PrimeOrder, Unknown};
+use super::{
+    JubjubEngine,
+    JubjubParams,
+    Unknown,
+    PrimeOrder,
+    edwards
+};
 
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::{
+    Rng
+};
 
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
@@ -11,25 +19,29 @@ pub struct Point<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> {
     x: E::Fr,
     y: E::Fr,
     infinity: bool,
-    _marker: PhantomData<Subgroup>,
+    _marker: PhantomData<Subgroup>
 }
 
-fn convert_subgroup<E: JubjubEngine, S1, S2>(from: &Point<E, S1>) -> Point<E, S2> {
+fn convert_subgroup<E: JubjubEngine, S1, S2>(from: &Point<E, S1>) -> Point<E, S2>
+{
     Point {
         x: from.x,
         y: from.y,
         infinity: from.infinity,
-        _marker: PhantomData,
+        _marker: PhantomData
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: JubjubEngine> From<Point<E, PrimeOrder>> for Point<E, Unknown> {
+impl<E: JubjubEngine> From<Point<E, PrimeOrder>> for Point<E, Unknown>
-    fn from(p: Point<E, PrimeOrder>) -> Point<E, Unknown> {
+{
+    fn from(p: Point<E, PrimeOrder>) -> Point<E, Unknown>
+    {
         convert_subgroup(&p)
     }
 }
 
-impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Clone for Point<E, Subgroup> {
+impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Clone for Point<E, Subgroup>
+{
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         convert_subgroup(self)
     }
@@ -40,13 +52,16 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> PartialEq for Point<E, Subgroup> {
         match (self.infinity, other.infinity) {
             (true, true) => true,
             (true, false) | (false, true) => false,
-            (false, false) => self.x == other.x && self.y == other.y,
+            (false, false) => {
+                self.x == other.x && self.y == other.y
+            }
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine> Point<E, Unknown> {
-    pub fn get_for_x(x: E::Fr, sign: bool, params: &E::Params) -> Option<Self> {
+    pub fn get_for_x(x: E::Fr, sign: bool, params: &E::Params) -> Option<Self>
+    {
         // Given an x on the curve, y = sqrt(x^3 + A*x^2 + x)
 
         let mut x2 = x;
@@ -68,28 +83,33 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> Point<E, Unknown> {
                     x: x,
                     y: y,
                     infinity: false,
-                    _marker: PhantomData,
+                    _marker: PhantomData
-                });
+                })
-            }
+            },
-            None => None,
+            None => None
         }
     }
 
     /// This guarantees the point is in the prime order subgroup
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mul_by_cofactor(&self, params: &E::Params) -> Point<E, PrimeOrder> {
+    pub fn mul_by_cofactor(&self, params: &E::Params) -> Point<E, PrimeOrder>
-        let tmp = self.double(params).double(params).double(params);
+    {
+        let tmp = self.double(params)
+                      .double(params)
+                      .double(params);
 
         convert_subgroup(&tmp)
     }
 
-    pub fn rand<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R, params: &E::Params) -> Self {
+    pub fn rand<R: Rng>(rng: &mut R, params: &E::Params) -> Self
+    {
         loop {
-            let x = E::Fr::random(rng);
+            let x: E::Fr = rng.gen();
-            let sign = rng.next_u32() % 2 != 0;
 
-            match Self::get_for_x(x, sign, params) {
+            match Self::get_for_x(x, rng.gen(), params) {
-                Some(p) => return p,
+                Some(p) => {
+                    return p
+                },
                 None => {}
             }
         }
@@ -98,7 +118,11 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> Point<E, Unknown> {
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
     /// Convert from an Edwards point
-    pub fn from_edwards(e: &edwards::Point<E, Subgroup>, params: &E::Params) -> Self {
+    pub fn from_edwards(
+        e: &edwards::Point<E, Subgroup>,
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> Self
+    {
         let (x, y) = e.into_xy();
 
         if y == E::Fr::one() {
@@ -126,7 +150,7 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
                     x: E::Fr::zero(),
                     y: E::Fr::zero(),
                     infinity: false,
-                    _marker: PhantomData,
+                    _marker: PhantomData
                 }
             } else {
                 // The mapping is defined as above.
@@ -153,7 +177,7 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
                     x: u,
                     y: v,
                     infinity: false,
-                    _marker: PhantomData,
+                    _marker: PhantomData
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -174,11 +198,12 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
             x: E::Fr::zero(),
             y: E::Fr::zero(),
             infinity: true,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _marker: PhantomData
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn into_xy(&self) -> Option<(E::Fr, E::Fr)> {
+    pub fn into_xy(&self) -> Option<(E::Fr, E::Fr)>
+    {
         if self.infinity {
             None
         } else {
@@ -248,12 +273,13 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
             x: x3,
             y: y3,
             infinity: false,
-            _marker: PhantomData,
+            _marker: PhantomData
         }
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn add(&self, other: &Self, params: &E::Params) -> Self {
+    pub fn add(&self, other: &Self, params: &E::Params) -> Self
+    {
         // This is a standard affine point addition formula
         // See 4.3.2 The group law for Weierstrass curves
         //     Montgomery curves and the Montgomery Ladder
@@ -276,10 +302,7 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
                     {
                         let mut tmp = other.x;
                         tmp.sub_assign(&self.x);
-                        delta.mul_assign(
+                        delta.mul_assign(&tmp.inverse().expect("self.x != other.x, so this must be nonzero"));
-                            &tmp.inverse()
-                                .expect("self.x != other.x, so this must be nonzero"),
-                        );
                     }
 
                     let mut x3 = delta;
@@ -298,7 +321,7 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
                         x: x3,
                         y: y3,
                         infinity: false,
-                        _marker: PhantomData,
+                        _marker: PhantomData
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -306,7 +329,12 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine, Subgroup> Point<E, Subgroup> {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn mul<S: Into<<E::Fs as PrimeField>::Repr>>(&self, scalar: S, params: &E::Params) -> Self {
+    pub fn mul<S: Into<<E::Fs as PrimeField>::Repr>>(
+        &self,
+        scalar: S,
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> Self
+    {
         // Standard double-and-add scalar multiplication
 
         let mut res = Self::zero();

sapling-crypto/src/jubjub/tests.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,20 @@
-use super::{edwards, montgomery, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams, PrimeOrder};
+use super::{
+    JubjubEngine,
+    JubjubParams,
+    PrimeOrder,
+    montgomery,
+    edwards
+};
 
-use ff::{Field, LegendreSymbol, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr, SqrtField};
+use ff::{
+    Field,
+    PrimeField,
+    PrimeFieldRepr,
+    SqrtField,
+    LegendreSymbol
+};
 
-use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+use rand::{XorShiftRng, SeedableRng, Rand};
-use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
 pub fn test_suite<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
     test_back_and_forth::<E>(params);
@@ -18,7 +29,12 @@ pub fn test_suite<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
     test_read_write::<E>(params);
 }
 
-fn is_on_mont_curve<E: JubjubEngine, P: JubjubParams<E>>(x: E::Fr, y: E::Fr, params: &P) -> bool {
+fn is_on_mont_curve<E: JubjubEngine, P: JubjubParams<E>>(
+    x: E::Fr,
+    y: E::Fr,
+    params: &P
+) -> bool
+{
     let mut lhs = y;
     lhs.square();
 
@@ -39,8 +55,9 @@ fn is_on_mont_curve<E: JubjubEngine, P: JubjubParams<E>>(x: E::Fr, y: E::Fr, par
 fn is_on_twisted_edwards_curve<E: JubjubEngine, P: JubjubParams<E>>(
     x: E::Fr,
     y: E::Fr,
-    params: &P,
+    params: &P
-) -> bool {
+) -> bool
+{
     let mut x2 = x;
     x2.square();
 
@@ -61,10 +78,7 @@ fn is_on_twisted_edwards_curve<E: JubjubEngine, P: JubjubParams<E>>(
 }
 
 fn test_loworder<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
     let inf = montgomery::Point::zero();
 
     // try to find a point of order 8
@@ -95,18 +109,15 @@ fn test_loworder<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
 
 fn test_mul_associativity<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
     use self::edwards::Point;
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..100 {
         // Pick a random point and multiply it by the cofactor
         let base = Point::<E, _>::rand(rng, params).mul_by_cofactor(params);
 
-        let mut a = E::Fs::random(rng);
+        let mut a = E::Fs::rand(rng);
-        let b = E::Fs::random(rng);
+        let b = E::Fs::rand(rng);
-        let c = E::Fs::random(rng);
+        let c = E::Fs::rand(rng);
 
         let res1 = base.mul(a, params).mul(b, params).mul(c, params);
         let res2 = base.mul(b, params).mul(c, params).mul(a, params);
@@ -132,15 +143,10 @@ fn test_mul_associativity<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
 
 fn test_order<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
     use self::edwards::Point;
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     // The neutral element is in the prime order subgroup.
-    assert!(Point::<E, PrimeOrder>::zero()
+    assert!(Point::<E, PrimeOrder>::zero().as_prime_order(params).is_some());
-        .as_prime_order(params)
-        .is_some());
 
     for _ in 0..50 {
         // Pick a random point and multiply it by the cofactor
@@ -164,10 +170,7 @@ fn test_order<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
 }
 
 fn test_addition_associativity<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         use self::montgomery::Point;
@@ -191,10 +194,7 @@ fn test_addition_associativity<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
 }
 
 fn test_identities<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     {
         use self::edwards::Point;
@@ -228,28 +228,26 @@ fn test_identities<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
 }
 
 fn test_get_for<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let y = E::Fr::random(rng);
+        let y = E::Fr::rand(rng);
-        let sign = rng.next_u32() % 2 == 1;
+        let sign = bool::rand(rng);
 
         if let Some(mut p) = edwards::Point::<E, _>::get_for_y(y, sign, params) {
             assert!(p.into_xy().0.into_repr().is_odd() == sign);
             p = p.negate();
-            assert!(edwards::Point::<E, _>::get_for_y(y, !sign, params).unwrap() == p);
+            assert!(
+                edwards::Point::<E, _>::get_for_y(y, !sign, params).unwrap()
+                ==
+                p
+            );
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn test_read_write<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         let e = edwards::Point::<E, _>::rand(rng, params);
@@ -264,10 +262,7 @@ fn test_read_write<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
 }
 
 fn test_rand<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x3dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
         let p = montgomery::Point::<E, _>::rand(rng, params);
@@ -286,13 +281,10 @@ fn test_rand<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
 }
 
 fn test_back_and_forth<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
-    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+    let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([0x5dbe6259, 0x8d313d76, 0x3237db17, 0xe5bc0654]);
-        0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x5d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06, 0xbc,
-        0xe5,
-    ]);
 
     for _ in 0..1000 {
-        let s = E::Fs::random(rng);
+        let s = E::Fs::rand(rng);
         let edwards_p1 = edwards::Point::<E, _>::rand(rng, params);
         let mont_p1 = montgomery::Point::from_edwards(&edwards_p1, params);
         let mont_p2 = montgomery::Point::<E, _>::rand(rng, params);
@@ -301,9 +293,13 @@ fn test_back_and_forth<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
         let mont = mont_p1.add(&mont_p2, params).mul(s, params);
         let edwards = edwards_p1.add(&edwards_p2, params).mul(s, params);
 
-        assert!(montgomery::Point::from_edwards(&edwards, params) == mont);
+        assert!(
+            montgomery::Point::from_edwards(&edwards, params) == mont
+        );
 
-        assert!(edwards::Point::from_montgomery(&mont, params) == edwards);
+        assert!(
+            edwards::Point::from_montgomery(&mont, params) == edwards
+        );
     }
 }
 
@@ -387,7 +383,8 @@ fn test_jubjub_params<E: JubjubEngine>(params: &E::Params) {
         let mut pacc = E::Fs::zero().into_repr();
         let mut nacc = E::Fs::char();
 
-        for _ in 0..params.pedersen_hash_chunks_per_generator() {
+        for _ in 0..params.pedersen_hash_chunks_per_generator()
+        {
             // tmp = cur * 4
             let mut tmp = cur;
             tmp.mul2();

sapling-crypto/src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+extern crate pairing;
+extern crate bellman;
+extern crate blake2_rfc;
+extern crate digest;
+extern crate ff;
+extern crate rand;
+extern crate byteorder;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[macro_use]
+extern crate hex_literal;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+extern crate crypto;
+
+pub mod jubjub;
+pub mod group_hash;
+pub mod circuit;
+pub mod pedersen_hash;
+pub mod primitives;
+pub mod constants;
+pub mod redjubjub;
+pub mod util;

sapling-crypto/src/pedersen_hash.rs

@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@ use jubjub::*;
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum Personalization {
     NoteCommitment,
-    MerkleTree(usize),
+    MerkleTree(usize)
 }
 
 impl Personalization {
     pub fn get_bits(&self) -> Vec<bool> {
         match *self {
-            Personalization::NoteCommitment => vec![true, true, true, true, true, true],
+            Personalization::NoteCommitment =>
+                vec![true, true, true, true, true, true],
             Personalization::MerkleTree(num) => {
                 assert!(num < 63);
 
@@ -23,16 +24,12 @@ impl Personalization {
 pub fn pedersen_hash<E, I>(
     personalization: Personalization,
     bits: I,
-    params: &E::Params,
+    params: &E::Params
 ) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>
-where
+    where I: IntoIterator<Item=bool>,
-    I: IntoIterator<Item = bool>,
+          E: JubjubEngine
-    E: JubjubEngine,
 {
-    let mut bits = personalization
+    let mut bits = personalization.get_bits().into_iter().chain(bits.into_iter());
-        .get_bits()
-        .into_iter()
-        .chain(bits.into_iter());
 
     let mut result = edwards::Point::zero();
     let mut generators = params.pedersen_hash_exp_table().iter();
@@ -82,8 +79,7 @@ where
             break;
         }
 
-        let mut table: &[Vec<edwards::Point<E, _>>] =
+        let mut table: &[Vec<edwards::Point<E, _>>] = &generators.next().expect("we don't have enough generators");
-            &generators.next().expect("we don't have enough generators");
         let window = JubjubBls12::pedersen_hash_exp_window_size();
         let window_mask = (1 << window) - 1;
 

sapling-crypto/src/primitives/mod.rs

@@ -4,30 +4,44 @@ use constants;
 
 use group_hash::group_hash;
 
-use pedersen_hash::{pedersen_hash, Personalization};
+use pedersen_hash::{
+    pedersen_hash,
+    Personalization
+};
 
-use byteorder::{LittleEndian, WriteBytesExt};
+use byteorder::{
+    LittleEndian,
+    WriteBytesExt
+};
 
-use jubjub::{edwards, FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams, PrimeOrder};
+use jubjub::{
+    JubjubEngine,
+    JubjubParams,
+    edwards,
+    PrimeOrder,
+    FixedGenerators
+};
 
-use blake2s_simd::Params as Blake2sParams;
+use blake2_rfc::blake2s::Blake2s;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ValueCommitment<E: JubjubEngine> {
     pub value: u64,
-    pub randomness: E::Fs,
+    pub randomness: E::Fs
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine> ValueCommitment<E> {
-    pub fn cm(&self, params: &E::Params) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder> {
+    pub fn cm(
-        params
+        &self,
-            .generator(FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentValue)
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>
+    {
+        params.generator(FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentValue)
               .mul(self.value, params)
               .add(
-                &params
+                  &params.generator(FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentRandomness)
-                    .generator(FixedGenerators::ValueCommitmentRandomness)
                   .mul(self.randomness, params),
-                params,
+                  params
               )
     }
 }
@@ -35,16 +49,15 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> ValueCommitment<E> {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct ProofGenerationKey<E: JubjubEngine> {
     pub ak: edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>,
-    pub nsk: E::Fs,
+    pub nsk: E::Fs
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine> ProofGenerationKey<E> {
     pub fn into_viewing_key(&self, params: &E::Params) -> ViewingKey<E> {
         ViewingKey {
             ak: self.ak.clone(),
-            nk: params
+            nk: params.generator(FixedGenerators::ProofGenerationKey)
-                .generator(FixedGenerators::ProofGenerationKey)
+                      .mul(self.nsk, params)
-                .mul(self.nsk, params),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -52,16 +65,19 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> ProofGenerationKey<E> {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct ViewingKey<E: JubjubEngine> {
     pub ak: edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>,
-    pub nk: edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>,
+    pub nk: edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine> ViewingKey<E> {
-    pub fn rk(&self, ar: E::Fs, params: &E::Params) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder> {
+    pub fn rk(
+        &self,
+        ar: E::Fs,
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder> {
         self.ak.add(
-            &params
+            &params.generator(FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator)
-                .generator(FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator)
                    .mul(ar, params),
-            params,
+            params
         )
     }
 
@@ -71,14 +87,9 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> ViewingKey<E> {
         self.ak.write(&mut preimage[0..32]).unwrap();
         self.nk.write(&mut preimage[32..64]).unwrap();
 
-        let mut h = [0; 32];
+        let mut h = Blake2s::with_params(32, &[], &[], constants::CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION);
-        h.copy_from_slice(
+        h.update(&preimage);
-            Blake2sParams::new()
+        let mut h = h.finalize().as_ref().to_vec();
-                .hash_length(32)
-                .personal(constants::CRH_IVK_PERSONALIZATION)
-                .hash(&preimage)
-                .as_bytes(),
-        );
 
         // Drop the most significant five bits, so it can be interpreted as a scalar.
         h[31] &= 0b0000_0111;
@@ -92,14 +103,15 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> ViewingKey<E> {
     pub fn into_payment_address(
         &self,
         diversifier: Diversifier,
-        params: &E::Params,
+        params: &E::Params
-    ) -> Option<PaymentAddress<E>> {
+    ) -> Option<PaymentAddress<E>>
+    {
         diversifier.g_d(params).map(|g_d| {
             let pk_d = g_d.mul(self.ivk(), params);
 
             PaymentAddress {
                 pk_d: pk_d,
-                diversifier: diversifier,
+                diversifier: diversifier
             }
         })
     }
@@ -111,20 +123,17 @@ pub struct Diversifier(pub [u8; 11]);
 impl Diversifier {
     pub fn g_d<E: JubjubEngine>(
         &self,
-        params: &E::Params,
+        params: &E::Params
-    ) -> Option<edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>> {
+    ) -> Option<edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>>
-        group_hash::<E>(
+    {
-            &self.0,
+        group_hash::<E>(&self.0, constants::KEY_DIVERSIFICATION_PERSONALIZATION, params)
-            constants::KEY_DIVERSIFICATION_PERSONALIZATION,
-            params,
-        )
     }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct PaymentAddress<E: JubjubEngine> {
     pub pk_d: edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>,
-    pub diversifier: Diversifier,
+    pub diversifier: Diversifier
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine> PartialEq for PaymentAddress<E> {
@@ -134,7 +143,11 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> PartialEq for PaymentAddress<E> {
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine> PaymentAddress<E> {
-    pub fn g_d(&self, params: &E::Params) -> Option<edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>> {
+    pub fn g_d(
+        &self,
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> Option<edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>>
+    {
         self.diversifier.g_d(params)
     }
 
@@ -142,13 +155,16 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> PaymentAddress<E> {
         &self,
         value: u64,
         randomness: E::Fs,
-        params: &E::Params,
+        params: &E::Params
-    ) -> Option<Note<E>> {
+    ) -> Option<Note<E>>
-        self.g_d(params).map(|g_d| Note {
+    {
+        self.g_d(params).map(|g_d| {
+            Note {
                 value: value,
                 r: randomness,
                 g_d: g_d,
-            pk_d: self.pk_d.clone(),
+                pk_d: self.pk_d.clone()
+            }
         })
     }
 }
@@ -162,7 +178,7 @@ pub struct Note<E: JubjubEngine> {
     /// The public key of the address, g_d^ivk
     pub pk_d: edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>,
     /// The commitment randomness
-    pub r: E::Fs,
+    pub r: E::Fs
 }
 
 impl<E: JubjubEngine> PartialEq for Note<E> {
@@ -185,14 +201,13 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> Note<E> {
     }
 
     /// Computes the note commitment, returning the full point.
-    fn cm_full_point(&self, params: &E::Params) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder> {
+    fn cm_full_point(&self, params: &E::Params) -> edwards::Point<E, PrimeOrder>
+    {
         // Calculate the note contents, as bytes
         let mut note_contents = vec![];
 
         // Writing the value in little endian
-        (&mut note_contents)
+        (&mut note_contents).write_u64::<LittleEndian>(self.value).unwrap();
-            .write_u64::<LittleEndian>(self.value)
-            .unwrap();
 
         // Write g_d
         self.g_d.write(&mut note_contents).unwrap();
@@ -205,44 +220,50 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> Note<E> {
         // Compute the Pedersen hash of the note contents
         let hash_of_contents = pedersen_hash(
             Personalization::NoteCommitment,
-            note_contents
+            note_contents.into_iter()
-                .into_iter()
+                         .flat_map(|byte| {
-                .flat_map(|byte| (0..8).map(move |i| ((byte >> i) & 1) == 1)),
+                            (0..8).map(move |i| ((byte >> i) & 1) == 1)
-            params,
+                         }),
+            params
         );
 
         // Compute final commitment
-        params
+        params.generator(FixedGenerators::NoteCommitmentRandomness)
-            .generator(FixedGenerators::NoteCommitmentRandomness)
               .mul(self.r, params)
               .add(&hash_of_contents, params)
     }
 
     /// Computes the nullifier given the viewing key and
     /// note position
-    pub fn nf(&self, viewing_key: &ViewingKey<E>, position: u64, params: &E::Params) -> Vec<u8> {
+    pub fn nf(
+        &self,
+        viewing_key: &ViewingKey<E>,
+        position: u64,
+        params: &E::Params
+    ) -> Vec<u8>
+    {
         // Compute rho = cm + position.G
-        let rho = self.cm_full_point(params).add(
+        let rho = self
-            &params
+            .cm_full_point(params)
-                .generator(FixedGenerators::NullifierPosition)
+            .add(
+                &params.generator(FixedGenerators::NullifierPosition)
                        .mul(position, params),
-            params,
+                params
             );
 
         // Compute nf = BLAKE2s(nk | rho)
         let mut nf_preimage = [0u8; 64];
         viewing_key.nk.write(&mut nf_preimage[0..32]).unwrap();
         rho.write(&mut nf_preimage[32..64]).unwrap();
-        Blake2sParams::new()
+        let mut h = Blake2s::with_params(32, &[], &[], constants::PRF_NF_PERSONALIZATION);
-            .hash_length(32)
+        h.update(&nf_preimage);
-            .personal(constants::PRF_NF_PERSONALIZATION)
+        
-            .hash(&nf_preimage)
+        h.finalize().as_ref().to_vec()
-            .as_bytes()
-            .to_vec()
     }
 
     /// Computes the note commitment
-    pub fn cm(&self, params: &E::Params) -> E::Fr {
+    pub fn cm(&self, params: &E::Params) -> E::Fr
+    {
         // The commitment is in the prime order subgroup, so mapping the
         // commitment to the x-coordinate is an injective encoding.
         self.cm_full_point(params).into_xy().0

sapling-crypto/src/redjubjub.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 //! Implementation of RedJubjub, a specialization of RedDSA to the Jubjub curve.
 //! See section 5.4.6 of the Sapling protocol specification.
 
-use crate::jubjub::{edwards::Point, FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams, Unknown};
 use ff::{Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
-use rand_core::RngCore;
+use rand::{Rng, Rand};
 use std::io::{self, Read, Write};
 
-use util::hash_to_scalar;
+use jubjub::{FixedGenerators, JubjubEngine, JubjubParams, Unknown, edwards::Point};
+use util::{hash_to_scalar};
 
 fn read_scalar<E: JubjubEngine, R: Read>(reader: R) -> io::Result<E::Fs> {
     let mut s_repr = <E::Fs as PrimeField>::Repr::default();
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> PrivateKey<E> {
         write_scalar::<E, W>(&self.0, writer)
     }
 
-    pub fn sign<R: RngCore>(
+    pub fn sign<R: Rng>(
         &self,
         msg: &[u8],
         rng: &mut R,
@@ -148,15 +148,10 @@ impl<E: JubjubEngine> PublicKey<E> {
             Err(_) => return false,
         };
         // 0 = h_G(-S . P_G + R + c . vk)
-        self.0
+        self.0.mul(c, params).add(&r, params).add(
-            .mul(c, params)
-            .add(&r, params)
-            .add(
             &params.generator(p_g).mul(s, params).negate().into(),
-                params,
+            params
-            )
+        ).mul_by_cofactor(params).eq(&Point::zero())
-            .mul_by_cofactor(params)
-            .eq(&Point::zero())
     }
 }
 
@@ -168,12 +163,13 @@ pub struct BatchEntry<'a, E: JubjubEngine> {
 
 // TODO: #82: This is a naive implementation currently,
 // and doesn't use multiexp.
-pub fn batch_verify<'a, E: JubjubEngine, R: RngCore>(
+pub fn batch_verify<'a, E: JubjubEngine, R: Rng>(
     rng: &mut R,
     batch: &[BatchEntry<'a, E>],
     p_g: FixedGenerators,
     params: &E::Params,
-) -> bool {
+) -> bool
+{
     let mut acc = Point::<E, Unknown>::zero();
 
     for entry in batch {
@@ -188,7 +184,7 @@ pub fn batch_verify<'a, E: JubjubEngine, R: RngCore>(
 
         let mut c = h_star::<E>(&entry.sig.rbar[..], entry.msg);
 
-        let z = E::Fs::random(rng);
+        let z = E::Fs::rand(rng);
 
         s.mul_assign(&z);
         s.negate();
@@ -210,45 +206,33 @@ pub fn batch_verify<'a, E: JubjubEngine, R: RngCore>(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-    use rand_core::SeedableRng;
+    use rand::thread_rng;
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
 
-    use crate::jubjub::{edwards, fs::Fs, JubjubBls12};
+    use jubjub::{JubjubBls12, fs::Fs, edwards};
 
     use super::*;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_batch_verify() {
-        let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let rng = &mut thread_rng();
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
         let params = &JubjubBls12::new();
         let p_g = FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator;
 
-        let sk1 = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(Fs::random(rng));
+        let sk1 = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(rng.gen());
         let vk1 = PublicKey::from_private(&sk1, p_g, params);
         let msg1 = b"Foo bar";
         let sig1 = sk1.sign(msg1, rng, p_g, params);
         assert!(vk1.verify(msg1, &sig1, p_g, params));
 
-        let sk2 = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(Fs::random(rng));
+        let sk2 = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(rng.gen());
         let vk2 = PublicKey::from_private(&sk2, p_g, params);
         let msg2 = b"Foo bar";
         let sig2 = sk2.sign(msg2, rng, p_g, params);
         assert!(vk2.verify(msg2, &sig2, p_g, params));
 
         let mut batch = vec![
-            BatchEntry {
+            BatchEntry { vk: vk1, msg: msg1, sig: sig1 },
-                vk: vk1,
+            BatchEntry { vk: vk2, msg: msg2, sig: sig2 }
-                msg: msg1,
-                sig: sig1,
-            },
-            BatchEntry {
-                vk: vk2,
-                msg: msg2,
-                sig: sig2,
-            },
         ];
 
         assert!(batch_verify(rng, &batch, p_g, params));
@@ -260,10 +244,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn cofactor_check() {
-        let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let rng = &mut thread_rng();
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
         let params = &JubjubBls12::new();
         let zero = edwards::Point::zero();
         let p_g = FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator;
@@ -281,7 +262,7 @@ mod tests {
             }
         };
 
-        let sk = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(Fs::random(rng));
+        let sk = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(rng.gen());
         let vk = PublicKey::from_private(&sk, p_g, params);
 
         // TODO: This test will need to change when #77 is fixed
@@ -295,15 +276,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn round_trip_serialization() {
-        let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let rng = &mut thread_rng();
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
         let p_g = FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator;
         let params = &JubjubBls12::new();
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
-            let sk = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(Fs::random(rng));
+            let sk = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(rng.gen());
             let vk = PublicKey::from_private(&sk, p_g, params);
             let msg = b"Foo bar";
             let sig = sk.sign(msg, rng, p_g, params);
@@ -331,15 +309,12 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn random_signatures() {
-        let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
+        let rng = &mut thread_rng();
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x5d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
         let p_g = FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator;
         let params = &JubjubBls12::new();
 
         for _ in 0..1000 {
-            let sk = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(Fs::random(rng));
+            let sk = PrivateKey::<Bls12>(rng.gen());
             let vk = PublicKey::from_private(&sk, p_g, params);
 
             let msg1 = b"Foo bar";
@@ -353,7 +328,7 @@ mod tests {
             assert!(!vk.verify(msg1, &sig2, p_g, params));
             assert!(!vk.verify(msg2, &sig1, p_g, params));
 
-            let alpha = Fs::random(rng);
+            let alpha = rng.gen();
             let rsk = sk.randomize(alpha);
             let rvk = vk.randomize(alpha, p_g, params);
 

sapling-crypto/src/util.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use blake2b_simd::Params;
+use blake2_rfc::blake2b::Blake2b;
 
-use crate::jubjub::{JubjubEngine, ToUniform};
+use jubjub::{JubjubEngine, ToUniform};
 
 pub fn hash_to_scalar<E: JubjubEngine>(persona: &[u8], a: &[u8], b: &[u8]) -> E::Fs {
-    let mut hasher = Params::new().hash_length(64).personal(persona).to_state();
+    let mut hasher = Blake2b::with_params(64, &[], &[], persona);
     hasher.update(a);
     hasher.update(b);
     let ret = hasher.finalize();

zcash_client_backend/.gitignore

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-# Protobufs
-src/proto/

zcash_client_backend/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "zcash_client_backend"
-version = "0.0.0"
-authors = [
-    "Jack Grigg <jack@z.cash>",
-]
-edition = "2018"
-
-[dependencies]
-bech32 = "0.7"
-bs58 = { version = "0.2", features = ["check"] }
-ff = { path = "../ff" }
-hex = "0.3"
-pairing = { path = "../pairing" }
-protobuf = "2"
-subtle = "2"
-zcash_primitives = { path = "../zcash_primitives" }
-
-[build-dependencies]
-protobuf-codegen-pure = "2"
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-rand_core = "0.5"
-rand_os = "0.2"
-rand_xorshift = "0.2"

zcash_client_backend/LICENSE-MIT

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-The MIT License (MIT)
-
-Copyright (c) 2017-2019 Electric Coin Company
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
-all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
-THE SOFTWARE.

zcash_client_backend/build.rs

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-use protobuf_codegen_pure;
-
-fn main() {
-    protobuf_codegen_pure::run(protobuf_codegen_pure::Args {
-        out_dir: "src/proto",
-        input: &["proto/compact_formats.proto"],
-        includes: &["proto"],
-        customize: Default::default(),
-    })
-    .expect("protoc");
-}

zcash_client_backend/proto/compact_formats.proto

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-syntax = "proto3";
-package cash.z.wallet.sdk.rpc;
-option go_package = "walletrpc";
-
-// Remember that proto3 fields are all optional. A field that is not present will be set to its zero value.
-// bytes fields of hashes are in canonical little-endian format.
-
-// CompactBlock is a packaging of ONLY the data from a block that's needed to:
-//   1. Detect a payment to your shielded Sapling address
-//   2. Detect a spend of your shielded Sapling notes
-//   3. Update your witnesses to generate new Sapling spend proofs.
-message CompactBlock {
-    uint32 protoVersion = 1; // the version of this wire format, for storage
-    uint64 height = 2; // the height of this block
-    bytes hash = 3;
-    bytes prevHash = 4;
-    uint32 time = 5;
-    bytes header = 6; // (hash, prevHash, and time) OR (full header)
-    repeated CompactTx vtx = 7; // compact transactions from this block
-}
-
-message CompactTx {
-    // Index and hash will allow the receiver to call out to chain
-    // explorers or other data structures to retrieve more information
-    // about this transaction.
-    uint64 index = 1;
-    bytes hash = 2;
-
-    // The transaction fee: present if server can provide. In the case of a
-    // stateless server and a transaction with transparent inputs, this will be
-    // unset because the calculation requires reference to prior transactions.
-    // in a pure-Sapling context, the fee will be calculable as:
-    //    valueBalance + (sum(vPubNew) - sum(vPubOld) - sum(tOut))
-    uint32 fee = 3;
-
-    repeated CompactSpend spends = 4;
-    repeated CompactOutput outputs = 5;
-}
-
-message CompactSpend {
-    bytes nf = 1;
-}
-
-message CompactOutput {
-    bytes cmu = 1;
-    bytes epk = 2;
-    bytes ciphertext = 3;
-}

zcash_client_backend/src/constants.rs

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-//! Zcash global and per-network constants.
-
-pub mod mainnet;
-pub mod testnet;
-pub mod regtest;
-
-pub const SPROUT_CONSENSUS_BRANCH_ID: u32 = 0;
-pub const OVERWINTER_CONSENSUS_BRANCH_ID: u32 = 0x5ba8_1b19;
-pub const SAPLING_CONSENSUS_BRANCH_ID: u32 = 0x76b8_09bb;

zcash_client_backend/src/constants/mainnet.rs

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/// The mainnet coin type for ZEC, as defined by [SLIP 44].
-///
-/// [SLIP 44]: https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0044.md
-pub const COIN_TYPE: u32 = 141;
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded mainnet [`ExtendedSpendingKey`].
-///
-/// Defined in [ZIP 32].
-///
-/// [`ExtendedSpendingKey`]: zcash_primitives::zip32::ExtendedSpendingKey
-/// [ZIP 32]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/zip-0032.rst
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_SPENDING_KEY: &str = "secret-extended-key-main";
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded mainnet [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`].
-///
-/// Defined in [ZIP 32].
-///
-/// [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`]: zcash_primitives::zip32::ExtendedFullViewingKey
-/// [ZIP 32]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/zip-0032.rst
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_FULL_VIEWING_KEY: &str = "zxviews";
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded mainnet [`PaymentAddress`].
-///
-/// Defined in section 5.6.4 of the [Zcash Protocol Specification].
-///
-/// [`PaymentAddress`]: sapling_crypto::primitives::PaymentAddress
-/// [Zcash Protocol Specification]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/protocol/protocol.pdf
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS: &str = "zs";
-
-/// The prefix for a Base58Check-encoded mainnet [`TransparentAddress::PublicKey`].
-///
-/// [`TransparentAddress::PublicKey`]: zcash_primitives::legacy::TransparentAddress::PublicKey
-pub const B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX: [u8; 1] = [0x3c];
-
-/// The prefix for a Base58Check-encoded mainnet [`TransparentAddress::Script`].
-///
-/// [`TransparentAddress::Script`]: zcash_primitives::legacy::TransparentAddress::Script
-pub const B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX: [u8; 1] = [0x55];

zcash_client_backend/src/constants/regtest.rs

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/// The testnet coin type for ZEC, as defined by [SLIP 44].
-///
-/// [SLIP 44]: https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0044.md
-pub const COIN_TYPE: u32 = 1;
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded testnet [`ExtendedSpendingKey`].
-///
-/// Defined in [ZIP 32].
-///
-/// [`ExtendedSpendingKey`]: zcash_primitives::zip32::ExtendedSpendingKey
-/// [ZIP 32]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/zip-0032.rst
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_SPENDING_KEY: &str = "secret-extended-key-regtest";
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded testnet [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`].
-///
-/// Defined in [ZIP 32].
-///
-/// [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`]: zcash_primitives::zip32::ExtendedFullViewingKey
-/// [ZIP 32]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/zip-0032.rst
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_FULL_VIEWING_KEY: &str = "zxviewregtestsapling";
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded testnet [`PaymentAddress`].
-///
-/// Defined in section 5.6.4 of the [Zcash Protocol Specification].
-///
-/// [`PaymentAddress`]: sapling_crypto::primitives::PaymentAddress
-/// [Zcash Protocol Specification]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/protocol/protocol.pdf
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS: &str = "zregtestsapling";
-
-/// The prefix for a Base58Check-encoded testnet [`TransparentAddress::PublicKey`].
-///
-/// [`TransparentAddress::PublicKey`]: zcash_primitives::legacy::TransparentAddress::PublicKey
-pub const B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX: [u8; 2] = [0x1d, 0x25];
-
-/// The prefix for a Base58Check-encoded testnet [`TransparentAddress::Script`].
-///
-/// [`TransparentAddress::Script`]: zcash_primitives::legacy::TransparentAddress::Script
-pub const B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX: [u8; 2] = [0x1c, 0xba];

zcash_client_backend/src/constants/testnet.rs

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/// The testnet coin type for ZEC, as defined by [SLIP 44].
-///
-/// [SLIP 44]: https://github.com/satoshilabs/slips/blob/master/slip-0044.md
-pub const COIN_TYPE: u32 = 1;
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded testnet [`ExtendedSpendingKey`].
-///
-/// Defined in [ZIP 32].
-///
-/// [`ExtendedSpendingKey`]: zcash_primitives::zip32::ExtendedSpendingKey
-/// [ZIP 32]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/zip-0032.rst
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_SPENDING_KEY: &str = "secret-extended-key-test";
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded testnet [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`].
-///
-/// Defined in [ZIP 32].
-///
-/// [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`]: zcash_primitives::zip32::ExtendedFullViewingKey
-/// [ZIP 32]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/zip-0032.rst
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_FULL_VIEWING_KEY: &str = "zxviewtestsapling";
-
-/// The HRP for a Bech32-encoded testnet [`PaymentAddress`].
-///
-/// Defined in section 5.6.4 of the [Zcash Protocol Specification].
-///
-/// [`PaymentAddress`]: sapling_crypto::primitives::PaymentAddress
-/// [Zcash Protocol Specification]: https://github.com/zcash/zips/blob/master/protocol/protocol.pdf
-pub const HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS: &str = "ztestsapling";
-
-/// The prefix for a Base58Check-encoded testnet [`TransparentAddress::PublicKey`].
-///
-/// [`TransparentAddress::PublicKey`]: zcash_primitives::legacy::TransparentAddress::PublicKey
-pub const B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX: [u8; 2] = [0x1d, 0x25];
-
-/// The prefix for a Base58Check-encoded testnet [`TransparentAddress::Script`].
-///
-/// [`TransparentAddress::Script`]: zcash_primitives::legacy::TransparentAddress::Script
-pub const B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX: [u8; 2] = [0x1c, 0xba];

zcash_client_backend/src/encoding.rs

@@ -1,376 +0,0 @@
-//! Encoding and decoding functions for Zcash key and address structs.
-//!
-//! Human-Readable Prefixes (HRPs) for Bech32 encodings are located in the [`constants`]
-//! module.
-
-use bech32::{self, Error, FromBase32, ToBase32};
-use bs58::{self, decode::DecodeError};
-use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-use std::io::{self, Write};
-use zcash_primitives::{
-    jubjub::edwards,
-    primitives::{Diversifier, PaymentAddress},
-};
-use zcash_primitives::{
-    legacy::TransparentAddress,
-    zip32::{ExtendedFullViewingKey, ExtendedSpendingKey},
-    JUBJUB,
-};
-
-fn bech32_encode<F>(hrp: &str, write: F) -> String
-where
-    F: Fn(&mut dyn Write) -> io::Result<()>,
-{
-    let mut data: Vec<u8> = vec![];
-    write(&mut data).expect("Should be able to write to a Vec");
-    bech32::encode(hrp, data.to_base32()).expect("hrp is invalid")
-}
-
-fn bech32_decode<T, F>(hrp: &str, s: &str, read: F) -> Result<Option<T>, Error>
-where
-    F: Fn(Vec<u8>) -> Option<T>,
-{
-    let (decoded_hrp, data) = bech32::decode(s)?;
-    if decoded_hrp == hrp {
-        Vec::<u8>::from_base32(&data).map(|data| read(data))
-    } else {
-        Ok(None)
-    }
-}
-
-/// Writes an [`ExtendedSpendingKey`] as a Bech32-encoded string.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use zcash_client_backend::{
-///     constants::testnet::{COIN_TYPE, HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_SPENDING_KEY},
-///     encoding::encode_extended_spending_key,
-///     keys::spending_key,
-/// };
-///
-/// let extsk = spending_key(&[0; 32][..], COIN_TYPE, 0);
-/// let encoded = encode_extended_spending_key(HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_SPENDING_KEY, &extsk);
-/// ```
-pub fn encode_extended_spending_key(hrp: &str, extsk: &ExtendedSpendingKey) -> String {
-    bech32_encode(hrp, |w| extsk.write(w))
-}
-
-/// Decodes an [`ExtendedSpendingKey`] from a Bech32-encoded string.
-pub fn decode_extended_spending_key(
-    hrp: &str,
-    s: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<ExtendedSpendingKey>, Error> {
-    bech32_decode(hrp, s, |data| ExtendedSpendingKey::read(&data[..]).ok())
-}
-
-/// Writes an [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`] as a Bech32-encoded string.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use zcash_client_backend::{
-///     constants::testnet::{COIN_TYPE, HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_FULL_VIEWING_KEY},
-///     encoding::encode_extended_full_viewing_key,
-///     keys::spending_key,
-/// };
-/// use zcash_primitives::zip32::ExtendedFullViewingKey;
-///
-/// let extsk = spending_key(&[0; 32][..], COIN_TYPE, 0);
-/// let extfvk = ExtendedFullViewingKey::from(&extsk);
-/// let encoded = encode_extended_full_viewing_key(HRP_SAPLING_EXTENDED_FULL_VIEWING_KEY, &extfvk);
-/// ```
-pub fn encode_extended_full_viewing_key(hrp: &str, extfvk: &ExtendedFullViewingKey) -> String {
-    bech32_encode(hrp, |w| extfvk.write(w))
-}
-
-/// Decodes an [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`] from a Bech32-encoded string.
-pub fn decode_extended_full_viewing_key(
-    hrp: &str,
-    s: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<ExtendedFullViewingKey>, Error> {
-    bech32_decode(hrp, s, |data| ExtendedFullViewingKey::read(&data[..]).ok())
-}
-
-/// Writes a [`PaymentAddress`] as a Bech32-encoded string.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-/// use rand_core::SeedableRng;
-/// use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
-/// use zcash_client_backend::{
-///     constants::testnet::HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS,
-///     encoding::encode_payment_address,
-/// };
-/// use zcash_primitives::{
-///     jubjub::edwards,
-///     primitives::{Diversifier, PaymentAddress},
-///     JUBJUB,
-/// };
-///
-/// let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
-///     0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-///     0xbc, 0xe5,
-/// ]);
-///
-/// let pa = PaymentAddress {
-///     diversifier: Diversifier([0u8; 11]),
-///     pk_d: edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::rand(rng, &JUBJUB).mul_by_cofactor(&JUBJUB),
-/// };
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     encode_payment_address(HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS, &pa),
-///     "ztestsapling1qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqrjq05nyfku05msvu49mawhg6kr0wwljahypwyk2h88z6975u563j0ym7pe",
-/// );
-/// ```
-pub fn encode_payment_address(hrp: &str, addr: &PaymentAddress<Bls12>) -> String {
-    bech32_encode(hrp, |w| {
-        w.write_all(&addr.diversifier.0)?;
-        addr.pk_d.write(w)
-    })
-}
-
-/// Decodes a [`PaymentAddress`] from a Bech32-encoded string.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-/// use rand_core::SeedableRng;
-/// use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
-/// use zcash_client_backend::{
-///     constants::testnet::HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS,
-///     encoding::decode_payment_address,
-/// };
-/// use zcash_primitives::{
-///     jubjub::edwards,
-///     primitives::{Diversifier, PaymentAddress},
-///     JUBJUB,
-/// };
-///
-/// let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
-///     0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-///     0xbc, 0xe5,
-/// ]);
-///
-/// let pa = PaymentAddress {
-///     diversifier: Diversifier([0u8; 11]),
-///     pk_d: edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::rand(rng, &JUBJUB).mul_by_cofactor(&JUBJUB),
-/// };
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     decode_payment_address(
-///         HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS,
-///         "ztestsapling1qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqrjq05nyfku05msvu49mawhg6kr0wwljahypwyk2h88z6975u563j0ym7pe",
-///     ),
-///     Ok(Some(pa)),
-/// );
-/// ```
-pub fn decode_payment_address(hrp: &str, s: &str) -> Result<Option<PaymentAddress<Bls12>>, Error> {
-    bech32_decode(hrp, s, |data| {
-        let mut diversifier = Diversifier([0; 11]);
-        diversifier.0.copy_from_slice(&data[0..11]);
-        // Check that the diversifier is valid
-        if diversifier.g_d::<Bls12>(&JUBJUB).is_none() {
-            return None;
-        }
-
-        edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::read(&data[11..], &JUBJUB)
-            .ok()?
-            .as_prime_order(&JUBJUB)
-            .map(|pk_d| PaymentAddress { pk_d, diversifier })
-    })
-}
-
-/// Writes a [`TransparentAddress`] as a Base58Check-encoded string.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use zcash_client_backend::{
-///     constants::testnet::{B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX, B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX},
-///     encoding::encode_transparent_address,
-/// };
-/// use zcash_primitives::legacy::TransparentAddress;
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     encode_transparent_address(
-///         &B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX,
-///         &B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX,
-///         &TransparentAddress::PublicKey([0; 20]),
-///     ),
-///     "tm9iMLAuYMzJ6jtFLcA7rzUmfreGuKvr7Ma",
-/// );
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     encode_transparent_address(
-///         &B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX,
-///         &B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX,
-///         &TransparentAddress::Script([0; 20]),
-///     ),
-///     "t26YoyZ1iPgiMEWL4zGUm74eVWfhyDMXzY2",
-/// );
-/// ```
-pub fn encode_transparent_address(
-    pubkey_version: &[u8],
-    script_version: &[u8],
-    addr: &TransparentAddress,
-) -> String {
-    let decoded = match addr {
-        TransparentAddress::PublicKey(key_id) => {
-            let mut decoded = vec![0; pubkey_version.len() + 20];
-            decoded[..pubkey_version.len()].copy_from_slice(pubkey_version);
-            decoded[pubkey_version.len()..].copy_from_slice(key_id);
-            decoded
-        }
-        TransparentAddress::Script(script_id) => {
-            let mut decoded = vec![0; script_version.len() + 20];
-            decoded[..script_version.len()].copy_from_slice(script_version);
-            decoded[script_version.len()..].copy_from_slice(script_id);
-            decoded
-        }
-    };
-    bs58::encode(decoded).with_check().into_string()
-}
-
-/// Decodes a [`TransparentAddress`] from a Base58Check-encoded string.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use zcash_client_backend::{
-///     constants::testnet::{B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX, B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX},
-///     encoding::decode_transparent_address,
-/// };
-/// use zcash_primitives::legacy::TransparentAddress;
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     decode_transparent_address(
-///         &B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX,
-///         &B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX,
-///         "tm9iMLAuYMzJ6jtFLcA7rzUmfreGuKvr7Ma",
-///     ),
-///     Ok(Some(TransparentAddress::PublicKey([0; 20]))),
-/// );
-///
-/// assert_eq!(
-///     decode_transparent_address(
-///         &B58_PUBKEY_ADDRESS_PREFIX,
-///         &B58_SCRIPT_ADDRESS_PREFIX,
-///         "t26YoyZ1iPgiMEWL4zGUm74eVWfhyDMXzY2",
-///     ),
-///     Ok(Some(TransparentAddress::Script([0; 20]))),
-/// );
-/// ```
-pub fn decode_transparent_address(
-    pubkey_version: &[u8],
-    script_version: &[u8],
-    s: &str,
-) -> Result<Option<TransparentAddress>, DecodeError> {
-    let decoded = bs58::decode(s).with_check(None).into_vec()?;
-    if &decoded[..pubkey_version.len()] == pubkey_version {
-        if decoded.len() == pubkey_version.len() + 20 {
-            let mut data = [0; 20];
-            data.copy_from_slice(&decoded[pubkey_version.len()..]);
-            Ok(Some(TransparentAddress::PublicKey(data)))
-        } else {
-            Ok(None)
-        }
-    } else if &decoded[..script_version.len()] == script_version {
-        if decoded.len() == script_version.len() + 20 {
-            let mut data = [0; 20];
-            data.copy_from_slice(&decoded[script_version.len()..]);
-            Ok(Some(TransparentAddress::Script(data)))
-        } else {
-            Ok(None)
-        }
-    } else {
-        Ok(None)
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use pairing::bls12_381::Bls12;
-    use rand_core::SeedableRng;
-    use rand_xorshift::XorShiftRng;
-    use zcash_primitives::JUBJUB;
-    use zcash_primitives::{
-        jubjub::edwards,
-        primitives::{Diversifier, PaymentAddress},
-    };
-
-    use super::{decode_payment_address, encode_payment_address};
-    use crate::constants;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn payment_address() {
-        let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
-
-        let addr = PaymentAddress {
-            diversifier: Diversifier([0u8; 11]),
-            pk_d: edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::rand(rng, &JUBJUB).mul_by_cofactor(&JUBJUB),
-        };
-
-        let encoded_main =
-            "zs1qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqrjq05nyfku05msvu49mawhg6kr0wwljahypwyk2h88z6975u563j8nfaxd";
-        let encoded_test =
-            "ztestsapling1qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqrjq05nyfku05msvu49mawhg6kr0wwljahypwyk2h88z6975u563j0ym7pe";
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            encode_payment_address(constants::mainnet::HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS, &addr),
-            encoded_main
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            decode_payment_address(
-                constants::mainnet::HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS,
-                encoded_main
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
-            Some(addr.clone())
-        );
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            encode_payment_address(constants::testnet::HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS, &addr),
-            encoded_test
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            decode_payment_address(
-                constants::testnet::HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS,
-                encoded_test
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
-            Some(addr)
-        );
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn invalid_diversifier() {
-        let rng = &mut XorShiftRng::from_seed([
-            0x59, 0x62, 0xbe, 0x3d, 0x76, 0x3d, 0x31, 0x8d, 0x17, 0xdb, 0x37, 0x32, 0x54, 0x06,
-            0xbc, 0xe5,
-        ]);
-
-        let addr = PaymentAddress {
-            diversifier: Diversifier([1u8; 11]),
-            pk_d: edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::rand(rng, &JUBJUB).mul_by_cofactor(&JUBJUB),
-        };
-
-        let encoded_main =
-            encode_payment_address(constants::mainnet::HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS, &addr);
-
-        assert_eq!(
-            decode_payment_address(
-                constants::mainnet::HRP_SAPLING_PAYMENT_ADDRESS,
-                &encoded_main
-            )
-            .unwrap(),
-            None
-        );
-    }
-}

zcash_client_backend/src/keys.rs

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-//! Helper functions for managing light client key material.
-
-use zcash_primitives::zip32::{ChildIndex, ExtendedSpendingKey};
-
-/// Derives the ZIP 32 [`ExtendedSpendingKey`] for a given coin type and account from the
-/// given seed.
-///
-/// # Examples
-///
-/// ```
-/// use zcash_client_backend::{constants::testnet::COIN_TYPE, keys::spending_key};
-///
-/// let extsk = spending_key(&[0; 32][..], COIN_TYPE, 0);
-/// ```
-pub fn spending_key(seed: &[u8], coin_type: u32, account: u32) -> ExtendedSpendingKey {
-    ExtendedSpendingKey::from_path(
-        &ExtendedSpendingKey::master(&seed),
-        &[
-            ChildIndex::Hardened(32),
-            ChildIndex::Hardened(coin_type),
-            ChildIndex::Hardened(account),
-        ],
-    )
-}

zcash_client_backend/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-//! *A crate for implementing Zcash light clients.*
-//!
-//! `zcash_client_backend` contains Rust structs and traits for creating shielded Zcash
-//! light clients.
-
-pub mod constants;
-pub mod encoding;
-pub mod keys;
-pub mod proto;
-pub mod wallet;
-pub mod welding_rig;

zcash_client_backend/src/proto/mod.rs

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-//! Generated code for handling light client protobuf structs.
-
-use ff::{PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
-use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr, FrRepr};
-use zcash_primitives::{
-    block::{BlockHash, BlockHeader},
-    jubjub::{edwards, PrimeOrder},
-    JUBJUB,
-};
-
-pub mod compact_formats;
-
-impl compact_formats::CompactBlock {
-    /// Returns the [`BlockHash`] for this block.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function will panic if [`CompactBlock.header`] is not set and
-    /// [`CompactBlock.hash`] is not exactly 32 bytes.
-    ///
-    /// [`CompactBlock.header`]: #structfield.header
-    /// [`CompactBlock.hash`]: #structfield.hash
-    pub fn hash(&self) -> BlockHash {
-        if let Some(header) = self.header() {
-            header.hash()
-        } else {
-            BlockHash::from_slice(&self.hash)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the [`BlockHash`] for this block's parent.
-    ///
-    /// # Panics
-    ///
-    /// This function will panic if [`CompactBlock.header`] is not set and
-    /// [`CompactBlock.prevHash`] is not exactly 32 bytes.
-    ///
-    /// [`CompactBlock.header`]: #structfield.header
-    /// [`CompactBlock.prevHash`]: #structfield.prevHash
-    pub fn prev_hash(&self) -> BlockHash {
-        if let Some(header) = self.header() {
-            header.prev_block
-        } else {
-            BlockHash::from_slice(&self.prevHash)
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the [`BlockHeader`] for this block if present.
-    ///
-    /// A convenience method that parses [`CompactBlock.header`] if present.
-    ///
-    /// [`CompactBlock.header`]: #structfield.header
-    pub fn header(&self) -> Option<BlockHeader> {
-        if self.header.is_empty() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            BlockHeader::read(&self.header[..]).ok()
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl compact_formats::CompactOutput {
-    /// Returns the note commitment for this output.
-    ///
-    /// A convenience method that parses [`CompactOutput.cmu`].
-    ///
-    /// [`CompactOutput.cmu`]: #structfield.cmu
-    pub fn cmu(&self) -> Result<Fr, ()> {
-        let mut repr = FrRepr::default();
-        repr.read_le(&self.cmu[..]).map_err(|_| ())?;
-        Fr::from_repr(repr).map_err(|_| ())
-    }
-
-    /// Returns the ephemeral public key for this output.
-    ///
-    /// A convenience method that parses [`CompactOutput.epk`].
-    ///
-    /// [`CompactOutput.epk`]: #structfield.epk
-    pub fn epk(&self) -> Result<edwards::Point<Bls12, PrimeOrder>, ()> {
-        let p = edwards::Point::<Bls12, _>::read(&self.epk[..], &JUBJUB).map_err(|_| ())?;
-        p.as_prime_order(&JUBJUB).ok_or(())
-    }
-}

zcash_client_backend/src/wallet.rs

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-//! Structs representing transaction data scanned from the block chain by a wallet or
-//! light client.
-
-use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
-use zcash_primitives::{
-    jubjub::{edwards, PrimeOrder},
-    merkle_tree::IncrementalWitness,
-    primitives::{Note, PaymentAddress},
-    sapling::Node,
-    transaction::TxId,
-};
-
-/// A subset of a [`Transaction`] relevant to wallets and light clients.
-///
-/// [`Transaction`]: zcash_primitives::transaction::Transaction
-pub struct WalletTx {
-    pub txid: TxId,
-    pub index: usize,
-    pub num_spends: usize,
-    pub num_outputs: usize,
-    pub shielded_spends: Vec<WalletShieldedSpend>,
-    pub shielded_outputs: Vec<WalletShieldedOutput>,
-}
-
-/// A subset of a [`SpendDescription`] relevant to wallets and light clients.
-///
-/// [`SpendDescription`]: zcash_primitives::transaction::components::SpendDescription
-pub struct WalletShieldedSpend {
-    pub index: usize,
-    pub nf: Vec<u8>,
-    pub account: usize,
-}
-
-/// A subset of an [`OutputDescription`] relevant to wallets and light clients.
-///
-/// [`OutputDescription`]: zcash_primitives::transaction::components::OutputDescription
-pub struct WalletShieldedOutput {
-    pub index: usize,
-    pub cmu: Fr,
-    pub epk: edwards::Point<Bls12, PrimeOrder>,
-    pub account: usize,
-    pub note: Note<Bls12>,
-    pub to: PaymentAddress<Bls12>,
-    pub is_change: bool,
-    pub witness: IncrementalWitness<Node>,
-}

zcash_client_backend/src/welding_rig.rs

@@ -1,399 +0,0 @@
-//! Tools for scanning a compact representation of the Zcash block chain.
-
-use ff::PrimeField;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
-use subtle::{ConditionallySelectable, ConstantTimeEq, CtOption};
-use zcash_primitives::{
-    jubjub::fs::Fs,
-    merkle_tree::{CommitmentTree, IncrementalWitness},
-    note_encryption::try_sapling_compact_note_decryption,
-    sapling::Node,
-    transaction::TxId,
-    zip32::ExtendedFullViewingKey,
-};
-
-use crate::proto::compact_formats::{CompactBlock, CompactOutput};
-use crate::wallet::{WalletShieldedOutput, WalletShieldedSpend, WalletTx};
-
-/// Scans a [`CompactOutput`] with a set of [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`]s.
-///
-/// Returns a [`WalletShieldedOutput`] and corresponding [`IncrementalWitness`] if this
-/// output belongs to any of the given [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`]s.
-///
-/// The given [`CommitmentTree`] and existing [`IncrementalWitness`]es are incremented
-/// with this output's commitment.
-fn scan_output(
-    (index, output): (usize, CompactOutput),
-    ivks: &[Fs],
-    spent_from_accounts: &HashSet<usize>,
-    tree: &mut CommitmentTree<Node>,
-    existing_witnesses: &mut [&mut IncrementalWitness<Node>],
-    block_witnesses: &mut [&mut IncrementalWitness<Node>],
-    new_witnesses: &mut [&mut IncrementalWitness<Node>],
-) -> Option<WalletShieldedOutput> {
-    let cmu = output.cmu().ok()?;
-    let epk = output.epk().ok()?;
-    let ct = output.ciphertext;
-
-    // Increment tree and witnesses
-    let node = Node::new(cmu.into_repr());
-    for witness in existing_witnesses {
-        witness.append(node).unwrap();
-    }
-    for witness in block_witnesses {
-        witness.append(node).unwrap();
-    }
-    for witness in new_witnesses {
-        witness.append(node).unwrap();
-    }
-    tree.append(node).unwrap();
-
-    for (account, ivk) in ivks.iter().enumerate() {
-        let (note, to) = match try_sapling_compact_note_decryption(ivk, &epk, &cmu, &ct) {
-            Some(ret) => ret,
-            None => continue,
-        };
-
-        // A note is marked as "change" if the account that received it
-        // also spent notes in the same transaction. This will catch,
-        // for instance:
-        // - Change created by spending fractions of notes.
-        // - Notes created by consolidation transactions.
-        // - Notes sent from one account to itself.
-        let is_change = spent_from_accounts.contains(&account);
-
-        return Some(WalletShieldedOutput {
-            index,
-            cmu,
-            epk,
-            account,
-            note,
-            to,
-            is_change,
-            witness: IncrementalWitness::from_tree(tree),
-        });
-    }
-    None
-}
-
-/// Scans a [`CompactBlock`] with a set of [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`]s.
-///
-/// Returns a vector of [`WalletTx`]s belonging to any of the given
-/// [`ExtendedFullViewingKey`]s, and the corresponding new [`IncrementalWitness`]es.
-///
-/// The given [`CommitmentTree`] and existing [`IncrementalWitness`]es are
-/// incremented appropriately.
-pub fn scan_block(
-    block: CompactBlock,
-    extfvks: &[ExtendedFullViewingKey],
-    nullifiers: &[(&[u8], usize)],
-    tree: &mut CommitmentTree<Node>,
-    existing_witnesses: &mut [&mut IncrementalWitness<Node>],
-) -> Vec<WalletTx> {
-    let mut wtxs: Vec<WalletTx> = vec![];
-    let ivks: Vec<_> = extfvks.iter().map(|extfvk| extfvk.fvk.vk.ivk()).collect();
-
-    for tx in block.vtx.into_iter() {
-        let num_spends = tx.spends.len();
-        let num_outputs = tx.outputs.len();
-
-        // Check for spent notes
-        // The only step that is not constant-time is the filter() at the end.
-        let shielded_spends: Vec<_> = tx
-            .spends
-            .into_iter()
-            .enumerate()
-            .map(|(index, spend)| {
-                // Find the first tracked nullifier that matches this spend, and produce
-                // a WalletShieldedSpend if there is a match, in constant time.
-                nullifiers
-                    .iter()
-                    .map(|&(nf, account)| CtOption::new(account as u64, nf.ct_eq(&spend.nf[..])))
-                    .fold(CtOption::new(0, 0.into()), |first, next| {
-                        CtOption::conditional_select(&next, &first, first.is_some())
-                    })
-                    .map(|account| WalletShieldedSpend {
-                        index,
-                        nf: spend.nf,
-                        account: account as usize,
-                    })
-            })
-            .filter(|spend| spend.is_some().into())
-            .map(|spend| spend.unwrap())
-            .collect();
-
-        // Collect the set of accounts that were spent from in this transaction
-        let spent_from_accounts: HashSet<_> =
-            shielded_spends.iter().map(|spend| spend.account).collect();
-
-        // Check for incoming notes while incrementing tree and witnesses
-        let mut shielded_outputs: Vec<WalletShieldedOutput> = vec![];
-        {
-            // Grab mutable references to new witnesses from previous transactions
-            // in this block so that we can update them. Scoped so we don't hold
-            // mutable references to wtxs for too long.
-            let mut block_witnesses: Vec<_> = wtxs
-                .iter_mut()
-                .map(|tx| {
-                    tx.shielded_outputs
-                        .iter_mut()
-                        .map(|output| &mut output.witness)
-                })
-                .flatten()
-                .collect();
-
-            for to_scan in tx.outputs.into_iter().enumerate() {
-                // Grab mutable references to new witnesses from previous outputs
-                // in this transaction so that we can update them. Scoped so we
-                // don't hold mutable references to shielded_outputs for too long.
-                let mut new_witnesses: Vec<_> = shielded_outputs
-                    .iter_mut()
-                    .map(|output| &mut output.witness)
-                    .collect();
-
-                if let Some(output) = scan_output(
-                    to_scan,
-                    &ivks,
-                    &spent_from_accounts,
-                    tree,
-                    existing_witnesses,
-                    &mut block_witnesses,
-                    &mut new_witnesses,
-                ) {
-                    shielded_outputs.push(output);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if !(shielded_spends.is_empty() && shielded_outputs.is_empty()) {
-            let mut txid = TxId([0u8; 32]);
-            txid.0.copy_from_slice(&tx.hash);
-            wtxs.push(WalletTx {
-                txid,
-                index: tx.index as usize,
-                num_spends,
-                num_outputs,
-                shielded_spends,
-                shielded_outputs,
-            });
-        }
-    }
-
-    wtxs
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use ff::{Field, PrimeField, PrimeFieldRepr};
-    use pairing::bls12_381::{Bls12, Fr};
-    use rand_core::RngCore;
-    use rand_os::OsRng;
-    use zcash_primitives::{
-        jubjub::{fs::Fs, FixedGenerators, JubjubParams, ToUniform},
-        merkle_tree::CommitmentTree,
-        note_encryption::{Memo, SaplingNoteEncryption},
-        primitives::Note,
-        transaction::components::Amount,
-        zip32::{ExtendedFullViewingKey, ExtendedSpendingKey},
-        JUBJUB,
-    };
-
-    use super::scan_block;
-    use crate::proto::compact_formats::{CompactBlock, CompactOutput, CompactSpend, CompactTx};
-
-    fn random_compact_tx<R: RngCore>(rng: &mut R) -> CompactTx {
-        let fake_nf = {
-            let mut nf = vec![0; 32];
-            rng.fill_bytes(&mut nf);
-            nf
-        };
-        let fake_cmu = {
-            let fake_cmu = Fr::random(rng);
-            let mut bytes = vec![];
-            fake_cmu.into_repr().write_le(&mut bytes).unwrap();
-            bytes
-        };
-        let fake_epk = {
-            let mut buffer = vec![0; 64];
-            rng.fill_bytes(&mut buffer);
-            let fake_esk = Fs::to_uniform(&buffer[..]);
-            let fake_epk = JUBJUB
-                .generator(FixedGenerators::SpendingKeyGenerator)
-                .mul(fake_esk, &JUBJUB);
-            let mut bytes = vec![];
-            fake_epk.write(&mut bytes).unwrap();
-            bytes
-        };
-        let mut cspend = CompactSpend::new();
-        cspend.set_nf(fake_nf);
-        let mut cout = CompactOutput::new();
-        cout.set_cmu(fake_cmu);
-        cout.set_epk(fake_epk);
-        cout.set_ciphertext(vec![0; 52]);
-        let mut ctx = CompactTx::new();
-        let mut txid = vec![0; 32];
-        rng.fill_bytes(&mut txid);
-        ctx.set_hash(txid);
-        ctx.spends.push(cspend);
-        ctx.outputs.push(cout);
-        ctx
-    }
-
-    /// Create a fake CompactBlock at the given height, with a transaction containing a
-    /// single spend of the given nullifier and a single output paying the given address.
-    /// Returns the CompactBlock.
-    fn fake_compact_block(
-        height: i32,
-        nf: [u8; 32],
-        extfvk: ExtendedFullViewingKey,
-        value: Amount,
-        tx_after: bool,
-    ) -> CompactBlock {
-        let to = extfvk.default_address().unwrap().1;
-
-        // Create a fake Note for the account
-        let mut rng = OsRng;
-        let note = Note {
-            g_d: to.diversifier.g_d::<Bls12>(&JUBJUB).unwrap(),
-            pk_d: to.pk_d.clone(),
-            value: value.into(),
-            r: Fs::random(&mut rng),
-        };
-        let encryptor = SaplingNoteEncryption::new(
-            extfvk.fvk.ovk,
-            note.clone(),
-            to.clone(),
-            Memo::default(),
-            &mut rng,
-        );
-        let mut cmu = vec![];
-        note.cm(&JUBJUB).into_repr().write_le(&mut cmu).unwrap();
-        let mut epk = vec![];
-        encryptor.epk().write(&mut epk).unwrap();
-        let enc_ciphertext = encryptor.encrypt_note_plaintext();
-
-        // Create a fake CompactBlock containing the note
-        let mut cb = CompactBlock::new();
-        cb.set_height(height as u64);
-
-        // Add a random Sapling tx before ours
-        {
-            let mut tx = random_compact_tx(&mut rng);
-            tx.index = cb.vtx.len() as u64;
-            cb.vtx.push(tx);
-        }
-
-        let mut cspend = CompactSpend::new();
-        cspend.set_nf(nf.to_vec());
-        let mut cout = CompactOutput::new();
-        cout.set_cmu(cmu);
-        cout.set_epk(epk);
-        cout.set_ciphertext(enc_ciphertext[..52].to_vec());
-        let mut ctx = CompactTx::new();
-        let mut txid = vec![0; 32];
-        rng.fill_bytes(&mut txid);
-        ctx.set_hash(txid);
-        ctx.spends.push(cspend);
-        ctx.outputs.push(cout);
-        ctx.index = cb.vtx.len() as u64;
-        cb.vtx.push(ctx);
-
-        // Optionally add another random Sapling tx after ours
-        if tx_after {
-            let mut tx = random_compact_tx(&mut rng);
-            tx.index = cb.vtx.len() as u64;
-            cb.vtx.push(tx);
-        }
-
-        cb
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn scan_block_with_my_tx() {
-        let extsk = ExtendedSpendingKey::master(&[]);
-        let extfvk = ExtendedFullViewingKey::from(&extsk);
-
-        let cb = fake_compact_block(
-            1,
-            [0; 32],
-            extfvk.clone(),
-            Amount::from_u64(5).unwrap(),
-            false,
-        );
-        assert_eq!(cb.vtx.len(), 2);
-
-        let mut tree = CommitmentTree::new();
-        let txs = scan_block(cb, &[extfvk], &[], &mut tree, &mut []);
-        assert_eq!(txs.len(), 1);
-
-        let tx = &txs[0];
-        assert_eq!(tx.index, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.num_spends, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.num_outputs, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_spends.len(), 0);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs[0].index, 0);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs[0].account, 0);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs[0].note.value, 5);
-
-        // Check that the witness root matches
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs[0].witness.root(), tree.root());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn scan_block_with_txs_after_my_tx() {
-        let extsk = ExtendedSpendingKey::master(&[]);
-        let extfvk = ExtendedFullViewingKey::from(&extsk);
-
-        let cb = fake_compact_block(
-            1,
-            [0; 32],
-            extfvk.clone(),
-            Amount::from_u64(5).unwrap(),
-            true,
-        );
-        assert_eq!(cb.vtx.len(), 3);
-
-        let mut tree = CommitmentTree::new();
-        let txs = scan_block(cb, &[extfvk], &[], &mut tree, &mut []);
-        assert_eq!(txs.len(), 1);
-
-        let tx = &txs[0];
-        assert_eq!(tx.index, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.num_spends, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.num_outputs, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_spends.len(), 0);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs[0].index, 0);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs[0].account, 0);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs[0].note.value, 5);
-
-        // Check that the witness root matches
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs[0].witness.root(), tree.root());
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn scan_block_with_my_spend() {
-        let extsk = ExtendedSpendingKey::master(&[]);
-        let extfvk = ExtendedFullViewingKey::from(&extsk);
-        let nf = [7; 32];
-        let account = 12;
-
-        let cb = fake_compact_block(1, nf, extfvk, Amount::from_u64(5).unwrap(), false);
-        assert_eq!(cb.vtx.len(), 2);
-
-        let mut tree = CommitmentTree::new();
-        let txs = scan_block(cb, &[], &[(&nf, account)], &mut tree, &mut []);
-        assert_eq!(txs.len(), 1);
-
-        let tx = &txs[0];
-        assert_eq!(tx.index, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.num_spends, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.num_outputs, 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_spends.len(), 1);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_outputs.len(), 0);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_spends[0].index, 0);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_spends[0].nf, nf);
-        assert_eq!(tx.shielded_spends[0].account, account);
-    }
-}

zcash_client_sqlite/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-[package]
-name = "zcash_client_sqlite"
-version = "0.0.0"
-authors = [
-    "Jack Grigg <jack@z.cash>",
-]
-edition = "2018"
-
-[dependencies]
-bech32 = "0.7"
-bs58 = { version = "0.2", features = ["check"] }
-ff = { path = "../ff" }
-pairing = { path = "../pairing" }
-protobuf = "2"
-rusqlite = { version = "0.20", features = ["bundled"] }
-time = "0.1"
-zcash_client_backend = { path = "../zcash_client_backend" }
-zcash_primitives = { path = "../zcash_primitives" }
-
-[dev-dependencies]
-rand_core = "0.5"
-rand_os = "0.2"
-tempfile = "3"
-zcash_proofs = { path = "../zcash_proofs" }
-
-[features]
-mainnet = []

zcash_client_sqlite/README.md

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-# Security Disclaimer
-
-#### :warning:  WARNING: This is an *early preview*
-
-----
-
-In the spirit of transparency, we provide this as a window into what we are actively
-developing. This is an alpha build, not yet intended for 3rd party use. Please be advised
-of the following:
-
-* 🛑 This code currently is not audited. 🛑
-* ❌ This is a public, active branch with **no support**.
-* ❌ The code **does not have** documentation that is reviewed and approved by our Documentation team.
-* ❌ The code **does not have** adequate unit tests, acceptance tests and stress tests.
-* ❌ The code **does not have** automated tests that use the officially supported CI system.
-* ❌ The code **has not been subjected to thorough review** by engineers at the Electric Coin Company.
-* :warning: This library **is** compatible with the latest version of zcashd, but there **is no** automated testing of this.
-* :heavy_check_mark: The library **is not** majorly broken in some way.
-* :heavy_check_mark: The library **does run** on mainnet and testnet.
-* ❌ We **are actively rebasing** this branch and adding features where/when needed.
-* ❌ We **do not** undertake appropriate security coverage (threat models, review, response, etc.).
-* :heavy_check_mark: There is a product manager for this library.
-* :heavy_check_mark: Electric Coin Company maintains the library as we discover bugs and do network upgrades/minor releases.
-* :heavy_check_mark: Users can expect to get a response within a few weeks after submitting an issue.
-* ❌ The User Support team **has not yet been briefed** on the features provided to users and the functionality of the associated test-framework.
-* ❌ The code is **not fully-documented**.
-
-
-### 🛑 Use of this code may lead to a loss of funds 🛑
-
-Use of this code in its current form or with modifications may lead to loss of funds, loss
-of "expected" privacy, or denial of service for a large portion of users, or a bug which
-could leverage any of those kinds of attacks (especially a "0 day" where we suspect few
-people know about the vulnerability).
-
-### :eyes: At this time, this is for preview purposes only. :eyes:
-
-----
-
-# zcash_client_sqlite
-
-This library contains APIs that collectively implement a Zcash light client in
-an SQLite database.
-
-## License
-
-Licensed under either of
-
- * Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
- * MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
-
-at your option.
-
-### Contribution
-
-Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally
-submitted for inclusion in the work by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0
-license, shall be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or
-conditions.
-