fix(security): overwrite key/PIN files with fsync before deleting them

Two secure-delete paths overwrote a sensitive file and then unlinked it,
but neither reliably forced the overwrite to stable storage. The
plaintext key export used a buffered stream with only a flush, and the
PIN vault removal opened a second descriptor to fsync only on non-
Windows. On a crash, or on Windows, the zeroing write could stay in the
OS cache and the original bytes could survive on disk.

Both now go through one shared best-effort secure-delete helper:

- It overwrites the file in place in chunks, never truncating first, so
  the original blocks are the ones rewritten.
- It flushes the data to the device before unlinking (full fsync on
  macOS, write-through on Windows), then removes the file.
- It is safe on a missing file and reports whether the file is gone.

This is still best-effort: SSD wear-levelling and copy-on-write or
journaling filesystems may retain copies.

Tests exercise the overwrite-and-remove helper.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

src/app_security.cpp

@@ -240,22 +240,13 @@ private:
 // daemon off the main thread (to avoid stalling the UI), or ask the user to
 // restart an external daemon. Shared by encryptWalletWithPassphrase() and
 // processDeferredEncryption(); must be called on the main thread.
-// Zero (overwrite) then delete a plaintext key export so a full cleartext dump of every private key is
-// never left readable on disk. Idempotent + error-tolerant (safe on a missing/locked file). (H-02)
+// Best-effort secure delete (overwrite in place, fsync, unlink) of a plaintext key export, so a full
+// cleartext dump of every private key is not left readable on disk. Idempotent + error-tolerant
+// (safe on a missing/locked file). (H-02)
 void App::scrubAndRemoveExport(const std::string& path)
 {
     if (path.empty()) return;
-    std::error_code ec;
-    const auto sz = std::filesystem::file_size(path, ec);
-    if (!ec && sz > 0) {
-        std::fstream scrub(path, std::ios::binary | std::ios::in | std::ios::out);
-        if (scrub) {
-            const std::vector<char> zeros(static_cast<size_t>(sz), 0);
-            scrub.write(zeros.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(sz));
-            scrub.flush();
-        }
-    }
-    std::filesystem::remove(path, ec);
+    util::Platform::secureWipeAndRemove(path);
 }
 
 // Startup net for H-02: a crash/kill/early-return between exporting the cleartext keys and scrubbing them

src/util/platform.cpp

@@ -300,6 +300,58 @@ bool Platform::deleteFile(const std::string& path)
 #endif
 }
 
+bool Platform::secureWipeAndRemove(const std::string& path)
+{
+    // Best-effort; SSD wear-levelling and CoW/journaling filesystems may retain copies.
+    if (path.empty()) return false;
+    static constexpr size_t kChunk = 64 * 1024;
+    const std::string buf(kChunk, static_cast<char>(0xAB));
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    HANDLE h = CreateFileA(path.c_str(), GENERIC_WRITE, 0, nullptr, OPEN_EXISTING,
+                           FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL | FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH, nullptr);
+    if (h != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+        LARGE_INTEGER sz;
+        if (GetFileSizeEx(h, &sz) && sz.QuadPart > 0) {
+            long long left = sz.QuadPart;
+            while (left > 0) {
+                DWORD n = static_cast<DWORD>(left < (long long)kChunk ? left : (long long)kChunk);
+                DWORD written = 0;
+                if (!WriteFile(h, buf.data(), n, &written, nullptr) || written == 0) break;
+                left -= written;
+            }
+            FlushFileBuffers(h);
+        }
+        CloseHandle(h);
+    }
+    DeleteFileA(path.c_str());
+    return GetFileAttributesA(path.c_str()) == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
+#else
+    int fd = ::open(path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        struct stat st;
+        if (::fstat(fd, &st) == 0 && S_ISREG(st.st_mode) && st.st_size > 0) {
+            off_t off = 0;
+            const off_t total = st.st_size;
+            while (off < total) {
+                size_t n = static_cast<size_t>(total - off < (off_t)kChunk ? total - off : (off_t)kChunk);
+                ssize_t w = ::pwrite(fd, buf.data(), n, off);
+                if (w <= 0) break;
+                off += w;
+            }
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+            if (::fcntl(fd, F_FULLFSYNC) != 0) ::fsync(fd);
+#else
+            ::fsync(fd);
+#endif
+        }
+        ::close(fd);
+    }
+    ::remove(path.c_str());
+    struct stat st2;
+    return ::lstat(path.c_str(), &st2) != 0 && errno == ENOENT;
+#endif
+}
+
 bool Platform::writeFileAtomically(const std::string& path,
                                    const std::string& content,
                                    bool restrictPermissions)

src/util/platform.h

@@ -84,6 +84,15 @@ public:
      */
     static bool deleteFile(const std::string& path);
 
+    /**
+     * @brief Best-effort secure delete: overwrite the file in place, flush, then unlink.
+     *
+     * Never truncates first (that would free the original blocks). Always attempts the unlink.
+     * SSD wear-levelling and CoW/journaling filesystems may retain copies.
+     * @return true when the file no longer exists
+     */
+    static bool secureWipeAndRemove(const std::string& path);
+
     /**
      * @brief Write a file atomically and durably.
      *

src/util/secure_vault.cpp

@@ -15,11 +15,6 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include "../util/logger.h"
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
 namespace fs = std::filesystem;
 
 namespace dragonx {
@@ -260,32 +255,10 @@ bool SecureVault::changePin(const std::string& oldPin, const std::string& newPin
 bool SecureVault::removeVault() {
     std::string vaultPath = getVaultPath();
     std::error_code ec;
-    if (fs::exists(vaultPath, ec)) {
-        // Overwrite with zeros before removing (best-effort secure delete)
-        {
-            std::ifstream probe(vaultPath, std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
-            size_t sz = probe.is_open() ? (size_t)probe.tellg() : 0;
-            probe.close();
-            if (sz > 0) {
-                std::vector<uint8_t> zeros(sz, 0);
-                std::ofstream zap(vaultPath, std::ios::binary);
-                if (zap.is_open()) {
-                    zap.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(zeros.data()), sz);
-                    zap.flush();
-                    zap.close();
-                    // Force the zeros to stable storage before unlinking — otherwise the
-                    // write may never leave the OS cache (best-effort; not a guarantee on
-                    // CoW/journaling filesystems or wear-leveling SSDs).
-#ifndef _WIN32
-                    int fd = ::open(vaultPath.c_str(), O_WRONLY);
-                    if (fd >= 0) { ::fsync(fd); ::close(fd); }
-#endif
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        return fs::remove(vaultPath, ec);
-    }
-    return true; // Didn't exist — that's fine
+    if (!fs::exists(vaultPath, ec)) return true; // Didn't exist — that's fine
+    // Overwrite in place + fsync, then unlink (best-effort secure delete).
+    util::Platform::secureWipeAndRemove(vaultPath);
+    return !fs::exists(vaultPath, ec);
 }
 
 } // namespace util

tests/test_phase4.cpp

@@ -815,6 +815,46 @@ void testClassifyRpcFailure()
     EXPECT_FALSE(dragonx::rpc::isRpcTimeout(K::QueueFull));
 }
 
+void testSecureWipeAndRemove()
+{
+    namespace fs = std::filesystem;
+    using dragonx::util::Platform;
+    std::error_code ec;
+    const fs::path dir = fs::temp_directory_path(ec) / "od_secwipe_test";
+    fs::create_directories(dir, ec);
+    const std::string f = (dir / "victim.bin").string();
+    {
+        std::ofstream o(f, std::ios::binary);
+        const std::string blob(200 * 1024, static_cast<char>(0xAB));
+        o.write(blob.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(blob.size()));
+    }
+    EXPECT_TRUE(fs::exists(f, ec));
+    {
+        std::ifstream hold(f, std::ios::binary);   // second handle open across the wipe
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Platform::secureWipeAndRemove(f));
+    }
+    EXPECT_FALSE(fs::exists(f, ec));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(Platform::secureWipeAndRemove(f));                       // missing path
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    const std::string target = (dir / "target.bin").string();
+    const std::string link = (dir / "link.bin").string();
+    const std::string payload(4096, 'Z');
+    {
+        std::ofstream o(target, std::ios::binary);
+        o.write(payload.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(payload.size()));
+    }
+    fs::create_symlink(target, link, ec);
+    if (!ec) {
+        EXPECT_TRUE(Platform::secureWipeAndRemove(link));
+        EXPECT_FALSE(fs::is_symlink(link, ec));
+        std::ifstream in(target, std::ios::binary);
+        std::string got((std::istreambuf_iterator<char>(in)), std::istreambuf_iterator<char>());
+        EXPECT_TRUE(got == payload);                                     // target untouched
+    }
+#endif
+    fs::remove_all(dir, ec);
+}
+
 void testClassifyUnlockFailure()
 {
     using dragonx::rpc::RpcError;
@@ -18213,6 +18253,7 @@ int main()
     testConnectionConfig();
     testClassifyRpcFailure();
     testClassifyUnlockFailure();
+    testSecureWipeAndRemove();
     testFormatHttpError();
     testRpcFailureKindOf();
     testPaymentUri();